CANADIAN SPRUCES. 173 



or glaucous-whitish, and the cones are said to be recurved, persistent, 

 whilst those of alba are two inches long, nodding, cylindrical, pale, 

 deciduous, the thinner scales with an entire edge, (the latter a hand- 

 somer tree than the former, more like a balsam fir). These descrip- 

 tions point to the red and black spruces being both included under 

 nigra. 



Professor Alphonso Wood, in his Class Book and Flora of the 

 United States and Canada, also characterized only two species : alba, 

 with incurved leaves, cones lax, subcylindric, with entire two-lobed 

 scales ; nigra, with straight leaves, ovoid cones, scales erosely dentate 

 at the edge. ■ 



Dr. Chapman, in the Floi'a of the Southern United States (1860) 

 likewise gave two species (pp. 434-5) : nigra, leaves dark green, cone 

 one and one-half inch long, ovate, or ovate-oblong, the scales with a 

 thin wavy or denticulate margin ; alba, leaves more slender and less 

 crowded, light green, cones 1 to 2 in. long, oblong cylindrical, with 

 the scales entii-e. 



The late Prof. Brunet, of Laval University, an acute and careful 

 botanist of whom Dr. Gray had a high opinion, described three forms : 

 alba, nigra, and a variety grisea (Canadian Naturalist, new series, 

 vol. iii., p. 108). 



The A bb^ Provancher, in Flore Canadienne, characterized alba and 

 nigra clearly. 



The late Andrew Murray, who took so much interest in American 

 Coniferfe, in his later writings ignored rubra. 



Professor Fowler, in his carefully prepared list of the plants of New 

 Brunswick, gives two species, alba and nigra, as common throughout 

 that province. 



Prof. Parlatore, in the Monograph of Coniferaj in De Candolle's 

 Prodromus, Vol. xvi., second section, pp. 413-14, published in 

 June, 1868, i-ecogniz?s our Canadian species as three : nigra, the 

 black spruce or double spruce of Anglo-Americans ; rubra, with 

 leaf-faces albo-glaucescent (indicating that he probably had a form of 



