1866. | as indicating the Antiquity of Man. 229 
although volumes might be written on that subject, as it is not the 
immediate question under discussion, we must again proceed to discuss 
the phenomena of words; but, as by comparing those which appear 
to be the same in both Indo-European and Semitic languages, 
it is our primary object to prove a unity of origin, words clearly 
onomatopoetic, however numerous, will be scrupulously avoided. Now, 
in illustration let us commence with the Hebrew roots, oon and een, 
which signify negation. This is expressed in many languages by 
the letter N. So, in Sanskrit, na, no, an; Persian, nah,na; Zend 
and Coptic, an; Greek, né; Latin, ne, nemo, non; German, ner, 
nein; and English, no. The Hebrew word ish, man, is certainly 
primitive, and in Sanskrit is found zsha, master, and ishz, mistress, 
answering to Hebrew ishsha, woman. So ish is often used in the 
Old Testament Scriptures in order to distinguish a man of influence 
from adam, a common man. Hebrew aim, mother, is also a 
primitive word and, perhaps, onomatopoetic; it appears in the 
Greek, mamma, mammé; Coptic, man; German, mama, amme ; 
English, mamma; and in Arabic the root amma, to be a mother, 
occurs. It is remarkable that the word mother, as Prof. Max 
Miller observes, “has not only the same root in Sanskrit, Greek, 
Latin, German, Slavonic, and Celtic, namely, the root md,” this 
being equivalent to the Arabic am, “ but likewise the same deri- 
vative tar, so that there can be no doubt that m the English 
mother we are handling the same word which, in ages commonly 
called pre-historic, but in reality as historical as the days of Homer 
or the more distant times of the Vedic Rishis, was framed to express 
the original conception of genetrix;” and I wish to call attention 
to the fact that, not only im ages so remote, but even from the time 
when man became a speaking animal, the same root was used and in 
the same signification. 
My object here is to compare such a great number of words 
common alike to the Indo-European and the Semitic families, as to 
leave no doubt on the mind of every student of language that, 
originally, both families were united, or rather sprung from the 
same origin. ‘Thus, in Hebrew, Chaldee, and Syriac, anak signifies 
to strangle and to be in anguish; and in Greek we find ancho and 
ananché ; in Latin, angere and angustus ; in German, enge, angst ; 
and in Sanskrit, anhus. Hebrew, drag, to weave, is used of the 
spider, in Greek called arachné, rag, the primary syllable of the 
root, having the power of rapid motion and agitation. Hence to 
be moved hither and thither; and so we find Sanskrit rag, to 
move ; Latin, regere ; and German, regen. The Hebrew root parah, 
to bear, is found in many Indo-European languages, as in Sanskrit, 
bhri, to béar; Persian, bar, a burden; Armenian, bieril ; Greek, 
pheré ; Latin, fero and porto ; Gothic, bairan ; English, to bear ; 
and old German, biren. From the Hebrew root dnah, to groan, 
