A 
232 Comparative Philology [ April, 
gamal, camel: This word, like the last, appears in all the Semitic 
languages, and very many of the Indo-European, and it is evident 
from this circumstance that the camel and the goat, as well as the 
horse, were domesticated before the separation of the Semitic and 
Aryan peoples. Horse is in Hebrew, parash; also Arabic, faras ; 
German, pferd, d for s; English, horse, h for p and f, as in Latin 
facere; Spanish, hacer, h for f. So also Heb. par, a young 
bullock; German, farr ; Anglo-Saxon, fear. Hebrew, épher; Arabic, 
idem. calf; English, heifer. The raven, Hebrew and Arabic, ’orév; 
Sanskrit, karawa; Greek, korax, evidently received its name 
during the same period; and here we must include the Hebrew 
shor, ox; Syriac, tora; Greek, tawros; Latin, tawrus; German, 
stier; Gothic, stiur. The Arabic and Chaldee agree with the 
Hebrew and Syriac. Hebrew, padar, like the Arabic fadan, means 
to fatten cattle, and appears in the German futter; English, food, 
fodder, fat, fatten; Icelandic, feitr. The primary root being fad, 
to which 7 is often added, as pita, pater; pigeo, piger. The 
common ancestors of the Aryan and Semitic nations gave the same 
name to the sun: in Hebrew, shemesh; Arabic, shams; Syriac, 
shemsho. The word is found under the radical letters sm, sr, sn, sl, 
in very many languages, as in German, sonne; English, sun; Latin, 
sol; old German, summe, whence summer; Sanskrit, swra, suryja. 
In Hebrew, vasas means to moisten or sprinkle, whence resisim, 
dew-drops, of such excellent use in irrigating the ground before 
artificial means were invented, so we find the corresponding terms 
in Sanskrit, rasah, dew; Greek, ersé; Latin, ros. The sack and 
the horn were necessary instruments in the earliest days of man’s 
existence, and so we find identical terms for them in most languages; 
thus, in Hebrew, keren, a horn, and so in all the cognate languages; 
and in Greek, keras; Latin, cornu; Sanskrit, cringam; Gothic, 
haurns, whence English, horn; and the word kaneh, a reed, seems 
to be of the like early use; in Greek, khanna, kanné, kané; and 
English, cane. It occurs in early Hebrew (Jos. c. xvi, v. 8) as 
the name of a town. It would seem that the first inhabitants of 
the world were not ignorant of music, shir in Hebrew meaning to 
sing, and finding its equivalent in the Sanskrit shir, also to sing; 
the harp (perhaps the.Kolian) bemg named in Hebrew kinnor, 
finding its root in kanar, to give forth a tremulous sound, whence 
Greek kinura and Latin gingrina. The Hebrew root shith is 
found also in Syriac and Chaldee, signifying to put, set, place, &., 
and is of very extensive use in the Aryan languages; Sanskrit, 
stha; and in the Greek words histémz, stoa, stéli, &c.; Latin, sto, 
statuo, statura, stabelcs, and scores of other words. It is also found 
in English, German, and all other Teutonic, as well as in the Neo- 
Latin tongues; from the Hebrew root is derived shathoth, columns, 
metaphorically applied to princes and nobles; and the Chaldee 
