330 The New Iron-fields of England. [July, 
Picton to Whitby giving access to the Durham coal-field. The 
stone ig also largely worked along the sea coast from Whitby to 
Redcar, and is shipped chiefly to the iron-works on the Tyne. 
The Rosedale iron-stone is the richest of all the Cleveland ores. 
Its colour is dark olive-green, it has a high specific gravity, is com- 
pact, magnetic, and polar. -It contains from 35°94 to 49-17 per 
cent. of metallic iron, and is smelted by itself at Ferry Hill, but as — 
chiefly used for mixing with the other ore in the Cleveland fur- 
naces. In 1864, nearly 300,000 tons were quarried and carried to 
market by a special branch railway. Continuing the survey south- 
ward, we find the iron-stone of the Lias cropping out in the 
direction of Northallerton and Thirsk, and trending thence m a 
south-easterly course by Easingwold, Hulton, and Market Weighton 
to the Humber. The dip is here a little north of east, and there 
are extensive tracts where it has not as yet been opened out. 
On crossing the Humber and entering Lincolnshire, we again 
get on the track of the same bed at Saint Hope and Frodingham, 
in the northern part of the county, and from thence we can trace 
it southwards along a low range of hills rising to the eastward of 
the valley of the Trent. At the Frodingham iron-furnaces, built 
on the outcrop of the iron-stone, which is here twelve feet thick, 
there is a very fine section in the railway cutting, which fully 
exposes the relations of the iron-stone to the underlying Lias. At 
the Trent Iron-works there are three furnaces, and here the rock is 
actually twenty-nine feet in thickness! J urther south, where the 
North Lincolnshire Company are erecting two very large furnaces, 
the rock is of similar thickness. 
The mode of working in this district is very simple, and has 
been described to the writer by Mr. W. Brockbank, F.G.S., as 
follows:—As the iron-stone lies exposed on the upper surface of 
the hills, the furnaces are erected upon it as a foundation, and 
the inclines for raising the minerals to the tops of the furnace are 
carried down to the base of the iron-stone, where the wagons are 
filled and hoisted directly to the surface for calcining. As the 
workings progress, the hollows are partially filled with slag, and the 
soil is replaced, so that the land becomes fit for agricultural pur- 
poses or planting, and is not disfigured by the hideous mounds of ~ 
clay and refuse, such as are to be seen in many of the older iron 
districts. 
The iron production in Lincolnshire is only as yet in its 
infancy, about 30,000 tons being the quantity smelted during the 
past year; but there can be no doubt but that the trade is destined 
largely to increase. In the first place, the metal produced is of a 
quality superior to that of the Cleveland district, which is owing 
probably to the presence of oxide of manganese largely in the 
rocks, and its more calcareous nature. Some beautiful specimens of 
