334 On the Habits and Condition [ July, 
the beasts of the field by the discovery that a sharp stone or a snare 
would subserve the purpose of obtaining food better than his 
unarmed, unaided limbs, laid the foundation of our arts and sciences. 
From it our culture and knowledge sprang, a giant tree now, but 
whose development in the glorious future will bear to its’ present 
erowth the same relation which that growth does now to the parent 
germ. As the habits of man are essentially dependent upon external 
physical circumstances, we shall have occasion incidentally to touch 
also upon them. 
The labours of the Scandinavian antiquaries, and especially of 
Professor Worsaae,* have proved that Pre-historic remains in their 
country fall naturally into three distinct classes, indicating, if not 
distinct race, yet certainly different habits and modes of life—first, 
those of the Stone age, in which the use of metals was unknown ; 
secondly, the Bronze age; and thirdly, the Iron age, in which man 
acquired a mastery over those metals, and employed them for his 
various needs. This classification has been found to hold good 
throughout Europe. ‘The first of these divisions again, that of the 
Stone, has been subdivided by the French and English archezolo- 
gists, and for the earlier portion Sir John Lubbock has proposed 
the term Paleolithic ;+ for the later the Neolithic age. The intro- 
duction of iron did not exclude the use of bronze, nor did the latter 
drive out the use of the ruder stone. Thus I obtained from a 
Romano-British burial-ground at Hardham, in Sussex, flint flakes, 
and a bronze fibula, while some of the oaken coffins were 
strengthened by iron nails. It is the shape and fashion of the 
implements and weapons, and not the material only, that are a safe 
guide to the relative Pre-historic age. We purpose to take the 
earliest of these—the Paleolithic, and to sketch the habits and con- 
dition of the two races of men who lived at that time, the Flint - 
Folk and the Reindeer Folk, and then to trace as briefly as may be 
the progress of man down to the borders of history. 
The gravel-beds of France and England, and the bone caverns 
of these two countries, and of Belgium, have afforded the earliest 
known traces of man upon the earth. The original discoveries of 
M. Boucher de Perthes, at Amiens and Abbeville, followed up by 
the cautious energy of Mr. Prestwich, F.R.S., prove that man 
co-existed with the fossil Mammoth and woolly Rhinoceros on the 
banks of the Somme at a time when it flowed at a much higher level 
than at present, and when the relations of hill and valley were 
altogether different in that district. The labours of the latter, and 
of Mr. Evans, F.R.S., have resulted in the proof that the same race 
of men lived in Britain from Suffolk on the east as far south as the 
coast of Hampshire. My own discoveries in Wookey Hole Hyzena- 
* «Primeval Antiquities.’ Worsaac. Translated by W. J. Thomas. London, 1849. 
+ ‘Pre-historic Times,” London, 1865 madraios = old, rif0s = stone, 
ye06 = young, Albos = stone. 
~ ae 
