1866. | of the Two earliest known Races of Men. 3385 
den extend their range into Somerset ; those of Mr. MacEnery in 
Brixham into Devonshire; and lastly, those of Dr. Falconer in 
Pembrokeshire into South Wales. Throughout the whole of this 
area the same types of flint implements and weapons prevail. A 
splinter of flint afforded the only cutting edge they possessed ; a 
mass of flint rudely chipped into a point was their only boring tool ; 
large thick rudely-fashioned “spear-heads” their principal weapon. 
The so-called ‘‘sling-stones,” either intended for use as missiles, or 
imbedded in gum, or bound round with withes, as axes, and some 
pointed masses of flint which may have been used for digging, com- 
prise the list of their remains from the gravel-beds. In the Hyzena- 
den, at Wookey Hole, I had the good fortune to find, besides the 
ordinary forms, a small oval, leaf-shaped lance-head {see Figs. 1, 2, 
3, 4, p.336], an arrow-head of chert | Plate, Figs. 1, 2], a bone arrow- 
head, and a small-pointed bone which may have been a needle. 
The calcined bones on the floor prove that the use of fire was not 
unknown, and that the cave was inhabited. The evidence afforded 
by this scant list of the implements and weapons proves that the 
race of men who used them were savages of the very lowest order, 
unacquainted with the art of spinning or of making pottery, and 
living on the fruits of the chase without the aid of the dog. Those 
who dwelt in the plains of Somerset were acquainted with the use 
of the sling and the bow, and tipped their arrows with chert and 
bone. The ashes found at the mouth of the cave at Aurignac and 
at Wookey Hole prove that fire was known in that early epoch. 
If the condition of man then differed from that of man now in 
Western Europe, still more did the physical aspect of Europe differ 
from its present aspect, in its temperature, its animals, and its area. 
In those early days England formed part of the mainland that 
stretched out far into the Atlantic. Glaciers descended from the 
mountains of Wales, the Lake-district, and Scotland, and the winter 
cold was sufficiently intense to form ice on the rivers thick and 
strong enough to transport great stones, which now we find in 
numerous places dropped among the fine gravels in their ancient 
beds.* In the spring, when the winter accumulation of ice and 
snow melted away, the lower grounds were covered by extensive 
floods similar to those which now take place in Canada, the 
Hudson’s Bay Territory, and Siberia. The large areas of silt which 
they have left behind, prove their former extent; as, for example, 
that stretching from Brighton at least as far as Portsmouth. The 
land was covered with dense forests of oak, beech, alder, and Scotch 
fir, through which the rivers cleft their way to the sea, bearing the 
carcases of Reindeer or Red-deer, huge Mammoth or woolly Rhi- 
noceroses, or now and then the Musk sheep, and either dropping 
their bones in various places in their course, or leaving them col- 
* Sce “ British Pleistocene Mammalia,’ by W. Boyd Dawkins and W. 
Ayshford Sanford. Introduction, Sec. xi., ‘ Paleeont. Soc.,’ 1866. 
