1866. | of the Two earliest known Races of Men. 345 
and were not ignorant of the art of spinning. They dwelt in huts, 
the bottoms of which are now known under the name of hut- 
circles, sunk in the earth, or raised on piles driven into the shallows 
of lakes, as in Switzerland. The tumuli spreading over France, 
Germany, Britain, and Scandinavia prove their belief in a future 
state, as well as their reverence for the dead, whom they buried 
without burning. They improved upon the rude unground Palzo- 
lithic implements and weapons, by adopting the custom of grinding 
and polishing them, and of making them out of many kinds of stone 
not used before, as well as by the adoption of new forms. Univer- 
sally they had pressed the dog into their service, and in the Pile- 
works of Switzerland present us with the earliest known assemblage 
of domestic animals, the horse, pig, goat, sheep, and ox. The first 
of these was as rare as the last ; the small short-horned variety of the 
existing species was abundant. They were essentially pastoral, but 
lived upon the fruits of the chase, the Urus and the Red-deer, as 
well as upon their flocks and herds. The cakes and cereals found 
prove that they were acquainted also with agriculture. 
Sir John Lubbock infers that the tribes who have left their 
refuse-heaps on the Scandinavian coasts belong to an early period of 
the Neolithic age. Among other remains of their feasts are bones 
of the Great Auk (Alca impennis), which has become extinct in 
Europe during the present century. The oysters which composed 
their principal food are no longer to be found in the neighbouring 
seas,—a fact that would imply a physical change in the Baltic since 
their time, which has caused the salt water to become diluted with 
fresh to a greater extent now than formerly. Their habits were 
probably very similar to those of the savages of Tierra del Fuego 
at the present day. 
Just as the Neolithic superseded the Paleolithic races, so was 
the former supplanted by the bronze-using Folk, who arrived in 
Kurope before the dawn of history, and lived there up to the time 
when history begins. Their peculiar bronze swords without a guard 
are found throughout Western Europe, and are sometimes most 
tastefully ornamented. Out of this material also beautiful orna- 
ments were made, and many of the implements and weapons which 
were used by the Neolithic savage. Since “Cornwall and Saxony 
are the only known European sources of tin,” Sir John Lubbock 
sagaciously observes, “the mere presence of bronze is in itself a suf- 
ficient evidence not only of metallurgical skill, but also of commerce.” 
They were acquainted with the use of the potter’s-wheel, and were 
in the habit of burning their dead. For many purposes they still 
used stone, and doubtless the poorer made use of it for their axes, 
long after it had been discarded by the richer classes. The disco- 
veries in the Swiss Lakes prove that the Bronze Folk possessed 
abundance of horses, and relied for their subsistence more upon 
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