452 The International Horticultural Exhibition [July, 
will show the spirit of this admirable address, and the enlarged and 
philosophical views with which it abounds. At the close of the 
reading a vote of thanks, proposed by Sir C. Wentworth Dilke 
M.P., and seconded by Sir Roderick Murchison, was carried by 
acclamation. 
The following are some of the most important papers which 
were read at the two sessions of the Congress :— 
Professor Caspary, of Konigsberg: “On the Change of the Diree- 
tion of the Branches of Woody Plants.” Professor Caspary has 
determined the following facts:—1. There is in winter a lateral 
movement of the branches of trees sometimes to the left, and also to 
the right-hand side, which movement is directly in proportion to 
the intensity of the frost. 2. The frost causes the branches of 
some trees to droop, and of others to rise, the extent of the down- 
ward and upward movement varying according to its mildness or 
. severity. 3. In some instances the branches of trees exhibit both 
the above movements, rising when the frost is mild, and drooping 
when it becomes severe. 
Mr. J. E. Howard, of London: “ Observations on the Present 
State of our Knowledge of the Species of Cinchona.” In this paper 
Mr. Howard mentions the fact of the great variability of the 
specific forms of this genus of plants. Every well-defined region 
of the Andes has its own prevalent and characteristic Cinchonas, 
which are incapable of being reduced to any one typical form. Mr. 
Howard believes that no species has been clearly proved to remain 
unchanged from end to end of the Cinchonaceous region. He has 
succeeded in obtaining, from a cultivated specimen of Cinchona 
officinalis, nearly as much quinine as from the bark of a plant of 
the same age grown abroad—probably the first time that quinine 
has ever been extracted from bark grown in Europe. 
Mr. James Anderson, of Glasgow: “ Observations on the Tem- 
perature of Water, and its Effects on Plant Cultivation.” Mr. 
Anderson advocates the importance of employing water as warm as 
the air of the stove, or a little warmer, for watering tropical plants, 
- especially orchids. Tropical plants so treated were invariably more 
vigorous and healthy. Those acquainted with Brazilian forests— 
the habitat of the Orchids—know that the rain-drops are always 
warm. This accounts for Mr. Anderson’s success as a cultivator, 
and confirms the truth of his views. 
— 
