1866.] Geology and Palxontology. 587 
and the Cerithiwm, which, however, are the most rare in the 
Diluvial deposits. All the species have thicker shells than their 
recent relatives, indicating, Mr. Berendt thinks, a salter sea than 
the Baltic of the present day. These facts are not very numerous 
absolutely, but relatively they form an immense addition to our 
knowledge of the fauna of the North German Diluvial Ocean. 
M. Dupont has published, in the ‘Bulletins of the Royal 
Academy of Sciences of Belgium,’ the results of his explorations of 
the Caves* and Quaternary deposits{ of the valleys of the Lesse 
and the Meuse. Along the course of the Lesse he discovered 
fourteen caves, of which we may take that of Chaleux as the type, 
and as being of most interest. This cave is shown to have been 
inhabited by man during three successive periods ; and its explora- 
tion has yielded more than 30,000 worked flints, with numerous 
bones of Reindeer, Goat, Ox, Horse, Boar, Brown Bear, Fox, 
Badger, Polecat, Hare, and Water-rat. Most of these animals are 
supposed to have served as food for man, especially the Horse. 
Many human bones have also been discovered, and the condition of 
some of them has led to the inference that the ancient inhabitants 
of the caves were cannibals. The cave of Furfooz is supposed to 
have been used as a cemetery during a period anterior to the depo- 
sition of the Loess; and bones of the Brown Bear, Reindeer, 
Chamois, Beaver, Horse, &c., many of them fractured and burnt, 
are thought to represent the remains of a feast. The Quaternary 
beds also belong to three periods, namely, the upper stage with 
Cervus tarandus; the middle stage with Ursus speleus; and the 
lower stage with Elephas primigenius, Rough-worked flints were 
found below the Loess, and polished ones above it,—-a fact which 
confirms the observations of M. Malaise at Spiennes. 
The ‘Geological Magazine’ for the quarter has been well filled 
with interesting matter, chiefly in relation to Denudation. We may 
especially draw attention to Mr. G. P. Scrope’s articles in the June 
and July numbers, “On the Origin of Hills and Valleys,” and “ On 
the Terraces of the Chalk Downs.” The object of the first paper 
is to counteract the tendency which the author fears exists in the 
minds of certain geologists, to ignore the action of subterranean 
force in helping to produce the present “form of the ground.” 
Professor Jukes, he thinks, falls into this error when he speaks of 
“the action of internal forces” as “ having no direct effect on the 
external features of the ground,” except in the case of volcanic 
cones and craters. It was easy to see that Professor Jukes would 
reply that he fully acknowledged the éndirect effect of subterranean 
forces, but that other causes had so modified the features which 
_ they had produced, that on the true “ form of the ground” they had 
left little or no trace. The difference in opinion between these two 
* Vol. xx., 1865, p. 824. t Vol. xxi., 1866, p. 366. 
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