1866. | Zoology and Animal Physiology. 601 
Calcutta in two years’ time. It is intended to invite delegates from 
all the chief Scientific Societies of Europe, to assist in comparing, 
photographing, examining, and otherwise utilizing the collection of 
men when once assembled. 
In our last Chronicle we noticed M. Paul Broca’s researches on 
the site of the faculty of speech. We have now to record some 
observations by Dr. Gairdner, of Glasgow, confirmatory of M. Broca’s 
conclusions, and touching on the question of the connection between 
the power of using words in speech or writing and the power of 
using them in thought. Dr. Gairdner describes several cases of the 
Aphasie state—Aphasia being the term introduced by M. Trousseau 
for that condition of inability to use words generally attacking the 
patient suddenly—which has been by others called Aphemia and 
Alalia. In these cases the persons frequently have the power of 
uttering an oath or ejaculation, or repeating what they have just 
heard, but otherwise are dumb. In one case the power of writing 
was tested, and the patient was found able to copy his name, but was 
utterly unable to write it from dictation. In these cases paralysis 
of the right side of the body is nearly always present, and diseases 
of the whole cerebrum, or of the left frontal portion only. A case 
observed by Dr. Sanders is particularly interesting. Aphasia had 
attacked a man who was otherwise quite inteligent. After some 
time he died; an examination of the brain was made, and disease 
was actually found only in the very part indicated by M. Broca’s 
researches, viz. the external left-frontal convolution. 
Dr. Gairdner discusses the question whether loss of intelligence 
necessarily accompanies Aphasia, and concludes that though such 
an effect need not occur immediately, yet the loss of the power of 
symbolizing thought by words must necessarily in time lead to this. 
M. Lordat maintains that in his own case he could think and 
arrange ideas, though he had lost the use of words. Dr. Gairdner 
thinks that such a power could not remain long. We have all 
heard, or perhaps known, what it is to think in a foreign language. 
The mere fact that people do this shows that the use of words as 
symbols is necessary in thought. The deaf and dumb have other 
symbols by which to think, not having been educated in the use of 
words. It is possible that some persons think édeas rather than 
words, but such thought can hardly extend to details. In the dis- 
cussion on Dr. Gairdner’s Essay, which was read to the Philosophical 
Society of Glasgow, Dr. Allen Thomson remarked, that the truth 
of M. Broca’s observation was a death-blow to the assumptions of 
so-called phrenologists, since they placed the faculty of language 
over the eye, whereas the part of the brain indicated by M. Broca 
lay near the temporal fossa. 
M. Marey, the able inventor of the Sphygmograph, has pub- 
lished an interesting and ingenious essay in Robins’ ‘Journal de 
