Otiorrhynchus. ] RHYNCHOPHORA, 173 
been introduced from Europe ; O. maurus and O. monticola also occur 
in Greenland; one or two species are recorded in the Munich catalogue 
from Chili, in which country, as before observed, a great number of the 
European forms appear to repeat themselves. 
The members of the genus are very variable both in size, colour and 
covering, and are in many eases very difficult to determine ; the follow- 
ing are their chief characters: scrobes, which are rather short and not 
well marked behind, entirely visible from above and the rostrum more 
or less dilated at apex on each side of them; antenne with the scape 
elongate, funiculus variable; head not constricted at base, eyes not 
touching margin of thorax ; thorax truncate at base and apex very vari- 
able in sculpture ; elytra ovate with the shoulders rounded off; femora 
clavate, sometimes toothed ; tarsal claws free and equal; the males are 
usually narrower than the females, and present modifications of the anal 
segment of the abdomen and the tibie. ' 
The species feed on various plants, shrubs and small trees; as a rule 
they are nocturnal in their habits, and during the day secrete them- 
selves at the roots of their food plants, in moss, &c.; many, however, may 
be beaten from bushes, &c., in full daylight ; those that live on bushes 
are, when quite fresh, often furnished with very scanty dusty patches 
on their upper surface, which very soon disappear. 
Certain of the Otiorrhynchi are very destructive to vines and wall- 
fruit and also to raspberries, &c.; fora fuller account of their: ravages 
and the remedies proposed, the student is referred to Curtis, Farm 
Insects, p. 884, and to Miss Ormerod’s Manual of Injurious Insects, p. 
305; the chief offenders are O. sulcatus, O, picipes (the most abundant 
member of the genus) and OQ. tenebricosus. 
O. sulcatus is often a great pest to vines, especially in hot-houses ; at 
night they attack the new wood, in April, and afterwards feed upon the 
young shoots which turn black ; as they never feed in the day gardeners 
often do not know what it is that has caused the damage ; if, however, 
they go into the greenhouse at night with a lantern they may find them 
feeding, and by holding a sheet underneath and tapping the branches 
they may often capture a considerable number, and by repeating the 
process may materially lessen the damage ; as the beetles hide in any 
crannies in the walls, &c., against which the vines are trained, it is of 
especial importance that these should be kept as smooth, clean and well 
whitewashed as possible; they also hide in the earth near the wall, anda 
line of ashes sprinkled with diluted paraffin or with weak diluted car- 
bolic acid run along the junction of the wall and the ground will prove 
serviceable. 
The larvae of O. sulcatus are rather large whitish, legless, somewhat hairy grubs, 
and are to be found from August to spring at the roots of the food plants; the pups 
are yellowish white, and may be met with in April about three or four inches below 
the surface of the ground; the best remedy for an infected vine-border is to clear out 
the soil to a depth of some inches and fill up with fresh ; some authorities recommend 
