150 Flint and Chert Implements (April, 
more massive, less symmetrical in outline, and made by 
operating, not on flakes, but directly on nodules, which 
appear to have been derived from supracretaceous gravels 
between Torquay and Newton Abbot, about four miles from 
the Cavern, and generally retain portions of the original 
surface. It is obvious, however, that even such tools could 
not be made without the dislodgement of flakes or chips 
from the nodule, and, accordingly, remnants of this kind 
have presented themselves in the Breccia, but they are all ofa 
very rude character. There was also a mass of flint which 
may have been a ‘‘core” from which flakes had been 
struck, or, what seems not less probable, the useless result 
of an abortive attempt to make a tool. 
No such implements have been found in the Cave-earth, 
nor have any of the comparatively slender, symmetrical 
tools of this less ancient deposit been found in the Breccia. 
They are by no means so abundant as those of the Cave- 
earth; that is to say a given volume of Breccia has not 
yielded so many implements as would on the average occur 
in an equal volume of the more modern accumulation. 
Whether equal periods of time are represented by equal 
volumes of deposit in the two cases, or whether equal 
periods of time represent equal numbers of human cave 
dwellers or tool-makers in the two eras, are questions which 
present themselves, but into which it is not possible to go 
fully at present. Omitting rude flakes and chips as well as 
the “‘ core” or “ failure” just mentioned, the Breccia has up 
to this time yielded no more than eleven specimens of the 
kind. It must be remembered, however, that the time 
during which the explorers have been excavating the Brecciais 
comparatively short. The implements just mentioned are 
the only indications of man which have been found belonging 
to the Ursine period. 
That the implements from the Breccia belonged to an 
earlier period than those from the Cave-earth is obvious from 
the position they occupied; they were lodged in a deposit 
which, when the two were found in the same vertical section, 
invariably underlay the Cave-earth. In fact, every tool 
found in the Breccia actually had Cave-earth above it. 
That the two periods were separated by a great chrono- 
logical interval is indicated by the geological and palezonto- 
logical facts, and the considerations growing out of them :— 
1st. The Breccia and the Cave-earth, though deposited on 
the same area, were very dissimilar, as has been stated; the 
former consisting of a dark red sandy paste containing a very 
large number of sub-angular and rounded fragments of dark 
