172 Copper Mines of Lake Superior. (April, 
saving appliance for the working of an ore yielding but 
I‘I per cent of copper. 
Another mine even more interesting to the mineralogist, 
and more startling in its yield, is the Calumet and Hecla. 
It is situated r3 miles from Portage Lake, in a north-east 
direction, on a bed of conglomerate, which, however, it is 
not easy to identify with any of the beds that abut on the 
lake, as the range widens as it approaches the Point and 
the beds flatten. While the mineral range at the lake is 
7 miles across, at the Calumet and Hecla it is 13 miles 
wide, and the dip declines from an average angle of 54° to 
38°. Copper had been extra¢ted from conglomerate beds 
before the opening of this mine, but never with good 
financial results. From the Albany and Boston Mine, 
where both a conglomerate and an amygdaloidal bed are 
worked, specimens very similar to the rock since yielded by 
Calumet were obtained; but the failure of this and other 
mines led to a distrust in, and a too hasty condemnation of, 
conglomerate mines. It is to be feared the opposite error 
may now be run into. 
The Calumet Mine was discovered about 13 years ago. 
An inn, the half-way house between Hancock and Eagle 
River, stood in the forest near where the mine is now, and 
was kept by a Cornish man. His pig—so tradition tells— 
fell into a pit, which proved to be an old Indian working. 
It was dragged out so be-smeared with green that the owner 
at once suspected the existence of copper. Since then, two 
little towns,—Calumet and Red Jacket,—have sprung up, 
and as great a change has taken place beneath the surface 
of the soil. Two mines on adjacent locations, though in 
the same bed, viz., the Calumet and Hecla, are owned and 
worked by one company. This mine has now reached 
a depth of ro60 feet on the incline of the bed, or 600 feet 
vertical, and one of the upper levels is 3000 feet long. Most 
of the copper comes from a bed of conglomerate, in which 
a hard red porphyritic pebble is embedded in a cement 
of the same rock, and of native copper. ‘The pebbles in the 
rich rock are smaller and more rounded than beyond the 
rich chimnies. The pebbles composing the conglomerate 
are seldom themselves cupriferous, though some of them 
are. I have a large pebble from the conglomerate bed 
which is identical in appearance with the compact chocolate- 
coloured rock of the Quincy Mine, and is throughout per- 
meated with a little copper in the same manner as the rock, 
but for a depth of about two lines from the surface it 
is ensheathed in fine-grained copper, which, as well as the 
i'ré 
