1874. ] Notzces of Books. 237 
M. Ribot considers at considerable length the proper definition 
of the Science of Psychology (a word first introduced by 
Goclenius). He shows that, during the seventeenth century, the 
science of the soul was called metaphysics; and that, hence, 
metaphysics and psychology have many points of connection. In 
its widest sense, he considers that psychology embraces ‘‘all the 
phenomena of mind in all animals,” or if we follow Mr. Stuart 
Mill, and make more exact divisions, we have General Psycho- 
logy: the study of the phenomena of consciousness, sensation, 
thought, emotions, relations, &c., considered under their most 
general aspects. This embraces Comparative Psychology, and 
Psychological Teratology, or a study of anomalies and monstro- 
sities. At the conclusion of his most interesting introduction, 
our author tells us that since the time of Hobbes and Locke, 
England has done most to forward Psychology. 
Then follows the main part of the book: a condensation of the 
psychological systems of Hartley, James Mill, Herbert Spencer, 
Alexander Bain, G. H. Lewes, Samuel Bailey, and John Stuart 
Mill. Thus the survey extends over about a century, but is 
mainly confined to the last thirty years. 
The agreement of these philosophers in regard to all main 
points in each other’s systems is clearly shown. These main 
points may be briefly stated as follows:—(a). Psychology 
examines the facts of consciousness, and connects those facts 
by definite laws. (b). It deals with phenomena, not knowing the 
nature of the soul or mind. (c). It studies these phenomena 
(1) objectively by signs and actions which interpret them, and 
(2) subjectively by memory and reason. Consciousness consists — 
of ‘“‘acontinuous current of sensations, ideas, volitions, feelings,” 
&c.; it is made up of the perception of a difference, and the 
perception of aresemblance. Perceptions are internal conditions 
corresponding to external conditions. These and many other 
definitions are given in the concluding remarks, in a clear, crisp 
form, very readable and understandable, and quite divested of 
unnecessary technicalities. We feel assured that the work will 
be received with open arms by the largely increasing school of 
English psychologists. 
Animal Locomotion; or Walking, Swimming, and Flying. 
With a Dissertation on Aéronautics. ByJ. BELL PETTIGREW, 
M.D., F.R.S., F.R.S.E., Pathologist to the Royal Infirmary 
of Edinburgh. London: Henry S. King and Co. 1873. 
Crown 8vo. Illustrated. 264 pp. 
Tuts work belongs to the ‘International Scientific Series,” five 
or six volumes of which, including Professor Stewart’s ‘‘ Con- 
servation of Energy,” have already appeared, and many more 
are announced. The object of the author is to explain various 
VOL. IV. (N.S.) 2H 
