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desire for conflict ; for overcoming obstacles ; for the acquisition 
of property; for animal food, and for elaborate dwellings, tools, 
and weapons, and which also incite to cunning and treachery. 
Tribes which have these faculties in excess will, as a rule, be 
warlike, cruel, treacherous, thievish, ingenious in constructing 
their weapons, huts, and canoes; fond of animal food, and good 
hunters, and sometimes cannibals. Tribes in which they are 
markedly deficient, will generally be the reverse of all this, 
peaceful, mild, open, honest, idle, careless in their food, huts, and 
clothing, and with few tools and weapons. Of course the 
proportions of the various organs may vary indefinitely in either 
form of cranium, and thus some one or other of these charac- 
teristics may be wanting; but, making allowance for this, we 
see a marked difference between such narrow-headed races as the 
low Australians, and the much higher broad-headed Sandwich 
Islanders, or the mild, narrow-headed Esquimaux, and the very 
broad-headed, warlike Araucanians. Colonel Marshall believes 
that the broad-headed type has been developed in the struggle 
for existence, and has in most cases driven out the narrow- 
headed where the two have come into contact. It must be 
remembered, however, that either extreme is an inferior type, and 
that it is the well-balanced organisation, with a brain inter- 
mediate in form, if sufficiently large, that will progress most in 
civilisation, and will be able to rule and conquer, or exterminate 
either extreme type. The objection, therefore, brought by 
mee. B&B. Lylor (‘‘* Nature,” Dec. 11, 1873) against our 
author’s view, that the comparatively narrow-headed Russians 
have subjugated many broader-headed Asiatic tribes, is not to 
the point. The Russians are more civilised, in a higher state of 
organisation and discipline; and it is this, not their individual 
energies, that has now rendered them superior to those Eastern 
hordes which, at an earlier period, when their state of civilisation 
was more equal, would probably have. overcome them. The 
warlike and ingenious Arabs, Afghans, and Malays, are all 
markedly brachycephalic. Dr. J. B. Davis states that his 
extensive collection of crania shows that, in most cases, the 
female skull is more dolichocephalic than the male, but that 
among many of the African races the reverse is the case. This 
has an interesting bearing on the fact, so strongly insisted on by 
our reporters of the Ashantee war, that the African women are 
much more industrious and energetic than the men; while we 
know that in Africa alone there exists an effective female army. 
These are suggestive facts; and it is to be hoped that they will 
induce phrenologists to utilise our large collections of the crania 
of various races, for the purpose of working out in detail the 
peculiarities of national character as indicated by them. This 
should be done by actual calliper measurements of every organ 
where practicable, so as to introduce precision into the results. 
The author of the present volume could do no better service to 
VOL. IV. (N.S.) Pay 
