1874.] Geology. 545 
from the thaw being unusually rapid, deposits of gravel would be formed. 
This second ice-sheet would gradually become less, and break up into valley- 
glaciers, which in theirretreat would leave kaims and eskers at low levels, and 
moraines in the mountain-glens, During this time no new great submergence 
of the country took place; and the last great modifications of the surface 
were subaérial, and not submarine, the work having been done by frost, rain, 
and glaciers. 
Mr. J. G. Goodchild has described the Glacial phenomena of the Eden 
Valley and the Western part of the Yorkshire Dale distri. He considers 
that they could not possibly have been produced by floating ice, and therefore 
must have been caused by land-ice. The flow of ice evidently came from the 
Scottish southern uplands, and it could not well have exceeded 2400 or 
2500 feet in thickness. 
Stratigraphical Geology.—The exact relations of the Keuper and Bunter 
divisions of the Trias, in the British Isles, have never been fairly established. 
Mr. J. Anderson points out that in County Down they appear conformable, 
whereas near Nottingham the Keuper is said—by the Rev. A. Irving—to rest 
upon the eroded surface of the Bunter. Mr. Irving has noticed clear signs of 
continuous deposition of the Permian and Lower Bunter rocks in the Not- 
tingham district; and this fact is important, considering that one series of 
rocks is classed as Palzozoic, the other as Mesozoic. Mr. H. B. Woodward, 
referring to the Red Rocks in the South-West of England, remarks upon 
the continuous series of rocks from the breccias and sandstones of Dawlish 
and Teignmouth up in to the Rhetic beds of Axmouth. Although the lower 
portion of these Red beds has been called Bunter, and the upper Keuper, there 
is no unconformity, and the Muschelkalk may, he thinks, be represented by 
sediments of a different lithological nature to the continental beds. Never- 
theless it is not well to make any subdivisions in this part of England 
equivalent to those on the Continent, but rather to rest satisfied with terming 
the whole series the Trias. 
Mr. H. G. Seeley having visited the Devonian country in search of the fault 
which the late Mr. Jukes supposed to traverse it, records his opinion that no 
such fault exists. He thought that Mr. Etheridge’s detailed grouping of the 
rocks was better suited to the north-west part of the country than West 
Somerset, and that for that region the divisions of strata used by Mr. Jukes 
were convenient. 
Palzontology.—Mr. E. B. Tawney has described and figured nineteen new 
species of Gasteropoda from the Inferior Oolite of Dundry Hill, near Bristol. 
He also adds fifteen more species to the list of British fossils: altogether he 
records sixty-six species in a determinable condition. 
Dr. Nicholson has described a new genus of tabulate corals, Columnopora. 
intermediate between Favosites and Columnaria, of which only a single species 
has been obtained from the Hudson River Formation of Ontario and Ohio. 
The occurrence of Labyrinthodont remains in the Yoredale rocks of Wens- 
leydale has been noted by Mr. L. C. Miall. 
Prof. Young and Mr. John Young have described two new forms of Polyzoa 
from the Carboniferous Limestone shales near Glasgow, under the names of 
Actinostoma and Glauconome. Referring also to the genus Paleocoryne 
(described by Dr. Duncan and Mr. H. M. Jenkins), they maintain that the 
structures are not independent organisms, but mere processes of the Polyzoa 
on which they occur, the cells at the base being only the cells of the Polyzoa. 
Mr. H. G. Seeley has recently described the tibia of a large struthious bird 
(Megalornis) from the London Clay of Eastchurch, in Sheppey. Mr. Seeley 
has also founded the genus Ophthalmosaurus for some reptilian remains from 
the Oxford Clay. 
Sub-Wealden Exploration.—The boring has now reached a-depth of upwards. 
of 1000 feet. The beds traversed have been proved to belong to the Lower 
Wealden, Purbeck and Portland Series, and Kimmeridge Clay. The Oxford. 
Clay has been last detected. The Committee—represented by Prof. Ramsay, 
