1869.] Zoology. 571 



of attachment, exactly the same figure of eight is described as in 

 the case of the real insect, and a propelling force is obtained suffi- 

 cient to make the model move rapidly on a pivot. 



Morphology. 



The Structure of the Organs of Taste in Man. — The existence 

 of a peculiar terminal apparatus in each organ of special sense is 

 now become an indubitable fact. This terminal apparatus has been 

 studied with care for the organs of touch, of smell, of hearing, and, 

 above all, of sight ; but we were up to the present time in complete 

 ignorance of the mode of termination of the gustatory nerve-fibres 

 in the tongue. It is therefore very gratifying to find that, inde- 

 pendently, two anatomists. Dr. Schwalbe and Dr. Christian Lovdn, 

 have studied this matter, and arrived at closely concordant results. 

 The gustatory nerve-fibres by common consent have their termina- 

 tions in the so-called painllm vallatm, and these are variously dis- 

 posed in different mammifers. Their structure is complex, en- 

 closing as a rule acinate glands, whilst the epithehum covering 

 them is much thinner than that on the rest of the tongue. It is 

 on the walls of the mote surrounding the papilla that it is thinnest. 

 The gustatory organs discovered by Drs. Loven and Schwalbe may 

 be called gustatory bulbs. They occur only in the wall of the 

 papilla limiting its circumscribed fossa. Each bulb, enclosed m an 

 epithelial stratum, rests by an attenuated extremity directly on the 

 mucous layer properly so called. Its form is that of a thick 

 spindle, and the epithelium of the surface of the wall of the papilla 

 is punctured by openings, each of which corresponds to the point 

 of a gustatory bulb, so that by means of these apertures the 

 gustatory bulbs are placed in direct communication with any fluids 

 which may accumulate in the mote of the circumvallate papilla. 

 The structure of the gustatory bulbs themselves is somewhat com- 

 plex, but they contain elongated haton-l^ka cells, such as have been 

 found in other special-sense organs. The nerve-fibres of the gusta- 

 tory nerve lose their double contour before becoming united with 

 these terminal organs, and the union is simply, as in other organs, 

 between the naked axial cylinder and the elongate gustatory cells 

 which make up the gustatory bulbs. Although in many cases 

 these bulbs are restricted to the papillte vallatae, yet Dr. Loven 

 remarks that in some animals (man, sheep, and others) he has found 

 them in some of the fungiform papillae. 



Professor Clapafedes Writings. — The industry and skill of 

 the Professor of Comparative Anatomy at Geneva are calculated to 

 excite the highest admiration. It is only within the year that he 

 has published a magnificent volume ' On the Annelids of the Bay 



