180 Copper Mines of Chili. [April, 
method, which with certain modifications has continued to 
be that used in making bars. 
There are throughout Chili about ninety furnaces making 
regulus, and about sixty calciners and furnaces making bars 
and ingots. 
The two largest establishments are at Lota and Guayacan. 
The former is owned by a company, which likewise owns 
and works some coal beds in the neighbourhood. The 
steamers carrying coal north to the smelting works at the 
mines return laden with ore; hence the Lota Company, 
with coal of their own at hand, and being their own carriers 
of ore, can afford to smelt even poorer mineral than can the 
furnaces at the mines. The Guayacan works are owned 
by Messrs. Urmeneta and Errasuriz, and are among the 
largest in the world, running ordinarily seventeen triple 
hearth calcining furnaces, thirteen smelting reverberatories, 
and two refining furnaces. When in full blast the works 
can turn out monthly from 15 per cent ore, as regulus, bars, 
and ingots, equal to 1000 tons fine. The same proprietors 
have furnaces at Cerillos, at the foot of the Tomaya hill, 
where the poorer Tomaya ores are run into regulus, and 
other works at Tongoi, the port of Tomaya, where the 
rest of the Piké and some other Tomaya ores are run into 
regulus, and where also some bar copper is made; but most 
of the regulus of Cerillos and Tongoi is sent for further 
treatment to Guayacan. 
On the other side of the neck of land which divides the 
Bays of Herradura and Coquimbo lies the town of Coquimbo, 
with the abandoned smelting works of Charles Lambert and 
of Don Ramon Ovalle and Co., and the active works of 
Edwards and Co., where such care is taken in the sele¢tion 
and smelting that their bars and ingots bring a better price 
in the English market than those of either Lota or Guayacan. 
They run into bars all the calcined regulus produced at the 
Compania establishment of Mr. Lambert, situated on the 
Elqui river, just beyond the town of Sorena, and on the 
opposite side of the bay to Coquimbo. In the days of old 
activity there were here seven reverberatories running, each 
with its three-storied calciner attached ; now only two are 
are running. At the Compania are the only sulphuric acid 
works on the west coast. The acid is consumed in the 
manufacture of blue vitriol from the carbonate ores of the 
Panteon mine. The sulphate of copper finds a ready 
and profitable sale to the amalgamating works of the 
Copiapo. 
But there are many other furnaces scattered throughout 
