1872.] Notices of Books. 357 
reverse is the case: the cold water is brought to the Equator 
partly by currents running towards the Equator on the eastern 
side of each ocean, and partly by under-currents rising to the 
surface chiefly in the eastern parts of the ocean; then it flows 
westwards through the Equatorial regions, and flows from the 
Equator on the west of the ocean as warm currents, having 
been heated during its course through the Equatorial regions.’’’* 
Afterwards alluding to this in connection with the winds he 
remarks that: ‘‘‘ The idea of the Trade Winds being considered 
a sufficient cause to account for this complete reversal of the 
course which the currents would naturally take under that 
influence of the axial rotation of the earth is one which I do not 
suppose any one will seriously maintain.’+ 
“I suggested the action of the winds and specific gravity as 
a means by which a system of oceanic circulation might be 
caused, but at the same time rejected it as too preposterously at 
variance with the actually existing circulation to be entertained 
by any one conversant with the subject. In this I was mistaken; 
for Dr. Carpenter now brings it forward in an elaborate article as 
the true theory of the existing oceanic circulation. 
** But how has Dr. Carpenter succeeded in making this theory 
appear to explain the existing currents of the ocean ? 
‘First: by utterly ignoring that influence of the earth’s 
rotation to which I have alluded. This is the force which, 
according to Halley’s theory of the Trade Winds, gives those 
winds an easterly direction, making them N.E. and S.E. winds, 
instead of N. and S. It is the force indicated by Captain 
Maury as the cause of the Gulf Stream tending eastwards 
after it leaves the Gulf of Mexico. It tends to carry the Gulf 
Stream eastwards, because that current is running from the 
Equator, and at the same time it tends to carry the cold Labrador 
current westwards, because the latter is running towards the 
Equator. Thus, by its action, those currents running in opposite 
directions are made to flow side by side without intermixing. 
*<Tf warm water at the Equator and cold water at the Poles 
rush towards each other to re-establish their equilibrium, why 
do not the warm waters of the Gulf Stream and the cold waters 
of the Labrador current, when brought into juxtaposition, inter- 
mingle and at once restore their equilibrium? It is simply 
because they are held in the grasp of the gigantic power created 
by the earth’s rotation, and the puny powers created by differences 
of temperature or specific gravity are impotent in its presence. 
These latter appear in Dr. Carpenter's theory to be the paramount 
forces, to which the Winds are secondary. If, then, the force 
. of the above action of the earth’s rotation mocks the forces 
created by differences of temperature where the latter do not 
* Vis-Inertiz, p. 59. London: Longmans, 1868. 
+ Ibid., p. 66. 
