466 Paper at the International Exhibition. (October, 
paper out of the paper mulberry, which plant he caused to 
be extensively planted all over the country, and the mode 
of paper manufacture to be largely promulgated among the 
people. 
Some time in the seventh century the art of paper-making 
became also known to the Persians, and about the year 700 
it passed into Arabia. The Arabs carried the knowledge 
into Europe in the earlier haif of the twelfth century, and 
established a paper manufactory in Spain. Upon the au- 
thority of Edresi, who wrote in 1150, a paper was then 
made at Xativa, an ancient city of Valencia, equalled by 
none produced elsewhere, and which was extensively ex- 
ported to the East and West. From Spain the art extended 
into France, in which country, as well as in Italy, there 
existed paper factories at the commencement of the four- 
teenth century. In Germany, too, a paper factory was 
established at Nuremberg, in 1390, by Ulman Stromer, who 
also wrote the first work ever published on the art of paper- 
making. 
Paper made from cotton became general at the close of 
the twelfth and the beginning of the thirteenth centuries, 
but in the fourteenth century it was almost entirely super- 
seded by paper made of hemp and linen rags. English 
manuscripts on linen paper date as early as 1340, but it is 
believed that the manufacture did not exist here until the 
end of the fifteenth century: indeed, the earliest trace of 
the manufacture in this country occurs in the Bartolomeus 
of Wynkyn de Worde, printed in 1496 by Caxton, in which 
it is said of John Tate, jun., whose mills were at Stevenage, 
Hert fordshire,— 
‘* Which late hathe in England doo make thys paper thynne 
That now in our Englyssh thys booke is prynted inne.” 
In 1858 Sir John Spielman, a German, established a 
paper mill at Dartford, for which the honour of knighthood 
was conferred upon him by Queen Elizabeth, who was also 
pleased to grant him a license ‘‘ for the sole gathering for 
ten years of all rags, &c., necessary for the making of such 
paper.” 
It is recorded in the ‘‘ Craftsman,” that William the 
Third granted the Huguenots, who brought with them 
many of the improvements which France had introduced 
into the manufacture, a patent for establishing paper manu- 
factories, and that Parliament likewise granted them other 
privileges. 
For a long time England imported almost all its paper 
from France. Although the manufacture was introduced at 
