1872.] Paper at the International Exhibition. 469 
Besides the above, there are also exhibited samples of 
Indian paper made from gunny bags, refuse gunny, fishing 
nets, old records, and bamboo. 
From the Report of the New York Industrial Exhibition 
of 1853, it appears that the materials principally used in 
America for paper-making are raw cotton and cotton waste. 
Linen rags are imported from Europe, but the principal 
consumption would appear to be cotton, either as above 
named or inrags. Sir William Hooker, in his Report on 
Vegetable Products at the Paris Exhibition of 1855, gives 
an exhaustive list of fibres produced in different countries, 
many of which are used for paper-making. It would occupy 
too much space to insert their names here, and we have 
therefore contented ourselves with pointing out where such 
information may be obtained. 
The Indian, Chinese, and Japanese are by far the most 
perfect collections of paper-making materials in the Ex- 
hibition, and we have therefore given greater prominence to 
the products of those countries. Queensland shows a 
specimen of the Szda retusa, an indigenous weed, the 
fibre of which is used as a substitute for flax, and the refuse 
makes pulp for paper. Many of the exhibitors show 
specimens of the Esparto grass, both Spanish and Algerian, 
from which paper is now largely made, also of straw and 
straw pulps, as well as of pine wood. One case exhibited 
by F. B. Houghton shows all the different stages through 
which pine wood passes from the rough block to paper pulp; 
whilst another exhibitor, P. L. Simmonds, shows the various 
processes for reducing the waste from cotton seeds, and 
rough pine wood and bamboo, to the consistency of paper 
pulp. 
In passing now from a consideration of the different raw 
materials used in paper-making, the next step is to review 
briefly the various processes employed in paper manufacture. 
Up to a certain point these processes necessarily vary with 
different materials beyond which the same kind of machinery 
may be employed. According to the nature of the raw 
materials different treatments must be observed in reducing 
them to a pulp, but after that stage has been reached 
the remainder of the manufacture may be generally said to 
be the same. We shall, therefore, first briefly notice the 
machine for manufacturing the pulp into paper, and then 
give a short account of how some of the raw materials are 
first reduced to a state of pulp. 
There are two excellent models of paper- making machines 
respectively on scales of 3th and jth full size, exhibited by 
