1872.) Paper at the International Exhibition. 473 
are weighed into portions of about 32 lbs. each, and tied 
up in bundles. They are then washed in running water, in 
which they are left for a day and a night, after which they 
are taken in, and the inner fibre separated from the outer 
skin. The outer dark skin is then scraped off with a knife, 
and is used for making an inferior kind of paper; it is 
called ‘“‘ Saru-Rawa,” and after being thoroughly washed in 
running water, which causes it to open out flat, it is boiled. 
It is then allowed to rot, and is well beaten, after which 
paper is made of it. 
It usually takes two or three days to make paper from 
the inner bark. ‘Tied into bundles of about 32 lbs. weight 
each, it is taken to the river and thoroughly washed, and 
afterwards steeped in buckets of water; the water is then 
run off, and heavy stones placed on the fibre to express the 
remaining liquid; they are then boiled in water infused 
with the ashes of burnt buckwheat husks. It is afterwards 
placed in a basket, and boiled a second time to get rid of 
the ash infusion. After a third washing it is placed in a 
wooden vessel and pounded into pulp. It is then mixed 
with a paste made from boiling the roots of the Tororo plant, 
and formed into sheets by hand moulds, and then dried in 
the open air, except in wet weather, when it is sometimes 
dried by the heat of a fire. 
Paper manufacture from pine wood is extensively carried 
out in Sweden, and the use of that fibre is, it is believed, 
largely on the increase in this country. After the particulars 
already given of the means employed for reducing fibres to 
pulp, all that is necessary, in referring to the use of pine 
wood on the present occasion, is to point out the principal 
difficulties experienced in its use, and the manner in which 
those difficulties have now been overcome. ‘The almost 
inexhaustible supply of this material would naturally com- 
mend itself to paper-makers ; but the obstacles to its ex- 
tended employment arose from the large quantity of alkali 
necessary for disintegrating the fibre, and the necessity for 
very strong vessels in which to perform the operation, 
because it is only by boiling at a high temperature with a 
solution of caustic soda that this can be performed. ‘These 
two difficulties have now been successfully overcome ; that 
with regard to safe boilers by means of a process invented 
by Mr. F. B. Houghton, which dispenses with the use of fire 
under the boiler, and the expensiveness of caustic soda is 
avoided by employing the process discovered by M. Tessie 
du Motay, by which the tedious and expensive process of 
evaporation and calcination, which had only for its object 
VOL, 1. (N.S.) 35 
