474 Paper at the International Exhibitton. (October, 
the destruction of the resinous matters taken from the wood, 
is now performed without evaporation or calcination, by 
simply passing a current of gas through the liquor which 
has been employed for boiling the wood; this separates the 
resin from the liquor, leaving it floating in it. It is then 
coagulated and falls to the bottom, and the liquor can then 
be treated as if it were new soda-ash. Finally, the resin, 
instead of proving an obstacle, becomes a source of revenue 
more than sufficient to pay all the expenses. 
We must now briefly notice some of the manufactures of 
which paper forms the basis. The one most completely il- 
lustrated in the Exhibition is the manufacture of envelopes, 
by Messrs. John Dickinson and Co. The paper, as it 
arrives from the mill, each of about three-quarters of a 
mile in length, in rolls, is fixed to the cutting-machine. 
The sheet is first cut longitudinally by two circular cutters, 
working, like scissors, on each other. It is then cut trans- 
versely by a revolving knife at the end of the machine, and 
which is so arranged that sheets of any required size can 
be cut by it. The paper, on leaving this machine, is too 
rough for writing purposes, and has next to be ‘ glazed.” 
This is done by interleaving it, sheet by sheet, with plates 
of zinc or brass, and passing it in small quantities between 
rolls, under a pressure varying from 20 to 40 tons. The 
paper is then put in bundles of sheets under a punching- 
machine, which cuts out the ‘‘ blanks.” These have to be 
gummed en “the nose,” that is, on that portion which has 
to be wetted when fastening the finished envelope. The 
girls who are employed on this work can gum some 4000 
per hour. The blanks are then put into a chamber of racks, 
heated by steam, in order to dry the gum. The next process 
is the stamping, which is done by hand under a small ball- 
press; and at this point the process of black-bordering, 
when required, is carried out. ‘This is also done by hand, 
the blanks being arranged in a row overlapping each other, 
so as to leave a width of each uncovered equal only to the 
width of the desired border. The blacking is then done 
by hand, by means of a brush; two edges only can be 
blacked at once, and when dry the other two edges are done 
in a similar manner. 
The blanks thus finished are placed by parcels into a 
folding-machine—of which there are several different kinds 
shown at work in the Exhibition—which folds and gums up 
the envelopes entirely automatically. The finished enve- 
lopes are then banded in packets of twenty-five, the 
defective ones being thrown out. ‘Ten of these packets are 
