— 
1875.| Acrial Locomotion. 235 
throwing young pigeons and birds from the hand into the 
air for the first time ; by repeated observation of the flight 
of tame and wild birds; by stiffening, by tying up, and by 
removing portions of the wings of insects and birds; by an 
analysis of the movements of the travelling surfaces of quad- 
rupeds, amphibia, and fishes; by the application of artificial 
fins, flippers, tails and wings, to the water and air; and by 
repeated dissections of all the parts, directly and indirectly, 
connected with flight. 
Professor Marey obtained his results by gilding the extre- 
mities and margins of the wings of the inse¢t with minute 
portions of gold leaf; by the application of the different 
parts (tip and anterior margin) of the wing of the insect 
to a smoked cylinder rotating at a given speed, the wing 
being made to record its own movements; by the captive 
and free flight of birds, which carried on and between their 
wings an apparatus which, by the aid of eleCtricity, regis- 
tered the movements of the wings on a smoked surface, 
travelling, at a known speed, in a horizontal direction ; and 
by the employment of an artificial wing, constructed on the 
plan recommended by Borelli, Chabrier, Straus-Durckheim, 
Girard, and others. 
The treatises on flight and cognate subjects by Dr. Petti- 
grew and Professor Marey are so elaborate and so profusely 
illustrated,* that a digest of them cannot fail to be interest- 
ing to the general reader, the more especially as in that 
digest we hope to state in a few words, and in something . 
like chronological order, not only the great leading features 
of flight, but also the points wherein Dr. Pettigrew agrees 
with and differs from Professor Marey—these not being 
generally known. 
The parts of Dr. Pettigrew’s and of Professor Marey’s 
works which interest us most are those which deal with 
aérial locomotion and the flight of the inset and bird. 
Professor Marey, in his recent book,t describes the figure- 
of-8 movements made by the wing in space, and for these he 
claims, and in some journals has obtained, considerable 
cudos, although it is difficult to understand on what 
grounds. 
There can be no question of the fact, that the figure-of-8 
movements made by the wing in flight were first observed, 
* Dr. Pettigrew’s memoirs alone contain over 200 original figures—those of 
Professor Marey considerably over roo. 
+ Animal Mechanism: A Treatise on Terrestrial and Aérial Locomotion. 
By E. J. Marty, Professor at the College of France, and Member of the 
Academy of Medicine. Henry S. King and Co. 1874. 
