172 Amber ; ats Origin and History. [ April, 
Lam., and Terebratula carnea, von Buch.; and it is composed of 
very small granules of Quartz, minute flakes of Mica, and little 
grains of Glauconite, cemented together by a matrix of marl. It 
has therefore exactly the same constituents as the above-mentioned 
pebbles, and corresponds to them so precisely that both of them are 
evidently only variations of one and the same rock. ‘This marly 
sandstone, however, is still found upon the neighbouring Island of 
Bornholm,* and belongs to the Greensand of the Cretaceous forma- 
tion, which also includes in its lower beds coarser glauconitic sand 
and glauconitic marl. It is therefore proved that the Tertiary 
“Glauconitic Sand” of Samland has been formed out of the Green- 
sand of the Cretaceous formation, the younger beds of which con- 
stitute a part of the Danish Island. The marly sandstone is 
evidently the parent-rock of the deposit which I have already distin- 
guished by the name of the “ White Wall,” and which is particularly 
characteristic of the southern deposit of the Samland formation. 
We can determine, however, still more exactly the route over 
which the materials of the northern deposit were brought there, 
because in the “ Amber-earth” small pebbles of Silurian limestone 
occur in some abundance. ‘This fact is itself sufficient to prove 
that the “Green Sand” came from a region where the Cretaceous 
formation reposed on old Silurian rocks. Moreover, two large stones, 
which were once found in the “Green Sand” near Warnicken, con- 
tained fossils, namely, Beyrichia Buchiana, Jones, Chonetes stria~ 
tella, Dalm., and Ethynchonella nucula, Murch., and resembled 
partly rocks of the Island of Gothland and partly those of the 
Island of Oesel, so that it is in the highest degree probable that 
they were derived from the land which connected these two islands 
during the Tertiary period. And as the Silurian pebbles and the 
“Green Sand” came together to Samland, so it follows that, at that 
period, the Greensand of the Cretaceous formation extended from 
Bornholm towards the north, through Gothland to Oesel, and 
occupied a great part of the area which is now filled by the southern 
half of the Baltic Sea. ‘The Cretaceous rocks then formed, evidently, 
a.broad coast-land round the old continent of Northern Europe, 
which consisted of the crystalline rocks of Scandinavia and Fin- 
land, and of Silurian and Devonian strata. They also extended from 
Scandinavia over the area which is now occupied by the northern 
part of the Baltic and its bays, as also so far as Courland and 
Esthonia far away towards the east. The northern and north- 
eastern part of that coast-land which lay north of the existing 
Samland must have been formed out of the oldest beds of the 
Cretaceous formation,—the loose Greensand and glauconitic Mar! ; 
* For a recent account of the Geology of this Island see K, y. Seebach’s 
‘Beitrage zur Geologie der Insel Bornholm.’ Zeitschr. deutsch. Geol. Gesell. 
yol. xvii., p. 338.—T rans. 
