1868. | Zoology. 273 
New Manual of Physiology—A new text-book of Physiology, 
in two thick octavo volumes, has been written by Mr. John Marshall, 
F.R.S., Professor of Surgery in University College, London. The 
merit of the book lies chiefly in this, that a certain amount of 
Comparative Anatomy is introduced, together with the Human 
Anatomy and Physiology. A really good and original work on 
general physiology for the use of students is sadly wanted. It is 
reported that Dr. Michael Foster, of University College, is pre- 
paring a treatise on Development (in the whole animal kingdom), 
which is just the book that is wanted. There is nothing at present 
in English on the development of the lower animals. 
Hunterian Lectwres.—Professor Huxley is giving his lectures 
as Hunterian Professor this year on the Invertebrata. The lectures 
are very largely attended, and are of great interest. Professor 
Huxley does not believe that a sharp line can be drawn between 
plants and animals, but would regard man and the magnolia-tree 
as extreme terms of one long series, diverging on the one hand to 
the vegetable, on the other to the animal kingdom. In the first 
lecture the various groups of the Protozoa were discussed, and the 
general classification of Invertebrata. Two series were pointed out 
leading upwards from the Protozoa—one passing through infusoria, 
worms, and annelids to the articulate animals, the other through 
the sponges, corals, and polyps to the Mollusca. The gradation 
which thus existed was, Professor Huxley considered, an undeniable 
fact ; it was another question as to whether that gradation indicated 
genetic relationship, and one which could not yet be discussed. 
ZooLtocicaL Soctety oF Lonpon. 
At the commencement of the present session in November, Dr. 
Sclater, the secretary of the Society, read an account of several 
recent additions in the Society’s menagerie; amongst these were a 
penguin (Spheniscus demersus), from South Africa, two great ant- 
eaters (Myrmecophaga jubata), one from Brazil, presented by Dr. 
A. Palin, and the other from New Granada, presented by Mr. P. 
Brandon, and a young walrus (Trichecus rosmarus). The walrus 
has since then died, and investigations of its anatomy and of the 
cause of death have been carried on by Dr. Murie, the prosector. 
Dr. Murie reports that the animal’s death resulted from ulceration 
of the stomach, due to the presence of very numerous entozoa, 
which were new, and named by Dr. Baird Ascaris bicolor. 
Amongst communications made to the Society relative to the 
mammalia are the following :—Mr. W. H. Flower, “ On the Osteology 
of the Sperm Whale,” in which he showed that there was no sufli- 
cient evidence of the existence of more than one species of sperm 
whale, for which he was of opinion that Linnzus’s name, Physeter 
macrocephalus, ought to be retained ; Dr. Blyth, “On Asiatic Species 
