1868.] Engineering—Civil and Mechanical. . 895 
Southern, North-eastern, and North-western districts of the city 
respectively. 
Railways.—The new line, belonging to the London and North- 
western Railway Company, from Llanrwst to Bettws-y-Coed, has 
commenced to carry passengers. The new line between Edinburgh 
and Leith was gone over on the 14th May, and was expected to be 
opened in about a week from that time. 
The break of continuity which the Girdle of Paris Railway still 
presents, between the Batignolles-Clichy goods station and the Cour- 
celles station on the Anteuil line, will soon disappear ; the earthworks 
of the section in question being now nearly completed. The Paris, 
Lyons, and Mediterranean Railway Company appears to be pushing 
forward its lines in Algeria with much energy; that from Algiers 
to Oran is now in progress throughout, and one section—from 
Relizane to Oran—is expected to be opened for traffic m July. A 
second line, from Phillippeville to Constantine, is to be completed for 
traffic in the course of 1869. 
Upwards of 472 kilometres of railway are expected to be com- 
pleted in Italy durmg 1868. Of these, the Lecce and Zellino line 
was opened at the commencement of February, and its extension to 
Otranto has been definitively approved. Mr. Fell’s summit-railway 
over Mont Cenis has certainly not hitherto fulfilled the expectations 
of its promoters. In May last the Duke of Sutherland went over 
the line between St. Michel and Susa, a distance of 48 miles, in 4 
hours 6 minutes, after deducting the time in stoppages for inspec- 
tion. ‘The line was opened to the public on 15th June. 
The concession of a Government guarantee has been given to the 
Indian Branch Railway Company for its limes in Oudh and Rohil- 
cund, and the extension of the Oudh system is now being proceeded 
with, The whole distance between Sholapoor and Raichore, on the 
Madras Extension line, is in course of completion, the rails having 
now been laid for about fifty miles beyond Sholapoor. 
On 18th April last the rails of the United Pacific Railroad were 
laid on the Rocky Mountain summit of the line; according to 
Bilnkerderfer’s survey, the railroad crosses the mountains at this 
pe at an elevation of 8,242 feet, beg the highest point reached 
y any railroad in the world. 
Bridges.—The North-eastern Railway Company have set reso- 
lutely about the replacement of the whole of their numerous wooden 
viaducts with stone and iron, and in some places with solid embank- 
ments. The Hutton, Malton, and Whitby viaducts have been com- 
pleted, the Ripon is in progress, and the Norton is being filled up. 
A bridge was recently constructed by the Louisville and Nash- 
ville Railroad Company over the Cumberland river, at Nashville, 
which comprises two spans of 205 feet each in the clear, and a swing- 
bridge, giving two openings, and measuring over 276 feet. A new 
