1868.] of Norway and Scotland. 467 
arctic clays do not occur, and they must be classified in the post- 
glacial series. An elevation of at least 800 feet therefore has taken 
place in this district, since the retreat of the arctic mollusca to their 
present latitude. 
There are also signs in Scotland, of elevation of the land since 
the glacial epoch. The large bed of Ostrea edulis, which extends 
through the whole plain at Stirling, and is associated with a clay 
containing several specimens of the whale, is post-glacial, and the 
shells are undoubtedly im situ. In the course of the river Irvine, 
the following section occurs:—(1) clay, with Cyprina islandica ; 
(2) sand, with remains of whale; (3) purely littoral sand both in 
aspect and contents, equivalent to that on the present shore. The 
gradual upheaval of the land in post-glacial times, converting the 
habitat of Cyprina islandica over which the whale journeyed into 
the shallow sandy shore which became its tomb, is by this section 
very closely indicated. 
The courses of arctic currents and of currents equivalent to the 
Gulf-stream, must have been greatly affected by the physical altera- 
tions in the relative position of land and water, produced during 
the history now briefly sketched, and haye acted upon the direction 
‘of the isothermal lines. 
In certain beds, the fauna appear to indicate results of this 
description. At Biset, near Christiania, Isocardia cor, a shell 
which inhabits the Mediterranean, as well as the southern parts of 
the Scandinavian waters, is associated with the eminently arctic 
species Tellina calcarea. A corresponding fact may perhaps be 
quoted from the Hebrides at the present day, where several 
especially northern forms reach their most southern limit ; and 
certain peculiar species have no locality recorded between that 
district and the Mediterranean.* A fossil bed at half-tide mark, in 
the Kyles of Bute and other localities, differs somewhat in its 
contents from the present fauna of the district. Pecten maximuy 
and Ostrea edulis are far larger than now found in the Furth, 
while Psammobia Ferroensis and Tellina incarnata are more abun- 
dant than in recent dredgings in the neighbourhood. 
Reviewing the various points indicated in the present paper, 
we arrive at the following suggestions for further investigation : 
(1) The course of physical changes from the glacial epoch to 
the present day, was the same in its broad outlines in Norway and 
Scotland. 
(2) These changes were gradual and have left their evidence in 
the shell-beds as well as in physical phenomena. 
(83) ‘It is necessary, therefore, to separate and classify these 
various shell-beds and not include them under the general names of 
“ Drift” and “ Raised Beach. ” 
* See Reports by Mr. Gwyn Jeffreys on Dredging among the Hebrides, 
