1868. | Geology. 523 
Mr. A. Bell “On the Molluscan Fauna of the Red Crag,” Mr. Rose 
“On the Crag at Aldeby, in Suffolk,” the Rev. J. Gunn “On the 
Alternate Elevations and Subsidings of the Land, and the order of 
Succession of the Strata in Suffolk and Norfolk,’ Dr. Crisp “On 
the Skeleton of a Fossil Whale recently found on the East Coast of 
Suffolk,” Mr. EK. R. Lankester “ On the Oldest Beds of the Crag,” 
Dr. J. Lowe “ On the Carstone of West Norfolk,” and Mr. Evans 
“On some Cavities in the Gravel of the Valley of the Little Ouse.” 
Mr. Fisher stated that immediately upon the Chalk at Thorpe, 
where the Crag rested upon it, was a thick bed of angular flints, 
apparently the accumulated result of the removal of the Chalk 
intervening between several layers. Amongst the flints numerous 
bones, teeth, and tusks of Mastodon, Hlephas meridionalis, and 
other mammalia occurred. He inclined to the view that the Chilles- 
ford Clay was below the “ Forest-bed.” At any rate the sequence 
of events introduced the deposition upon the Crag of a fine clay, 
probably formed in an estuary open to the Northern Ocean, and to 
which whales had access. This was in all probability the estuary 
of the Rhine, and of the Thames and other tributaries. Its sides 
became dry land so as to allow of the growth of the forest upon the 
old muddy bottom. This condition lasted for a long period, and 
synchronized with a climate warmer than that which preceded or 
followed it. As the land continued to sink, the “ Laminated series ” 
accumulated and extended westward. The “ Lower Boulder Clay ” 
overlaid the Laminated beds, but during the interval between them 
the sea must have been much deeper, and involved in a system of 
extensive tidal currents. After glancing at the evidence of iceberg- 
action towards the close of the “ Lower drift,” the author spoke of 
the “Middle drift,’ when large masses of chalk were dropped 
amongst the sand and mud in the deepening sea. . 
According to Mr. Maw, the whole of the beds above the “ Red 
Crag” in the well-known Chillesford Crag-pit pertained to the 
“ Chillesford Clay ” series. This Red Crag was not the equivalent 
of the “Norwich Crag ;” the upper part of the Chillesford beds 
probably graduated into the Drift underlying the Boulder Clay of 
High Suffolk. These were considerably older than the coast-beds of 
Cromer, including the Forest bed, the Laminated beds, and the 
overlying Boulder Till, and contorted Dritt. 
Mr. Taylor held that the whole of the “ Mammaliferous bed ” 
between the Chalk and Crag was quite distinct from the true Crag, 
and formed under more distinctly marked marine conditions. The 
abundance of northern shells in the upper beds as compared with 
the lower proved the increasing cold. The succeeding “ Glacial 
series” was a result to which a study of the various Crags neces- 
sarily led. 
