DESCRIPTIONS OF THE PAPILLARY RIDGES 69 



Gibbon. — The apical pads of the digits of the Gibbon are 

 large and fleshy, and show wide elHpses, and on the fifth digit 

 of the hand one loop. The digits are seen to be very long, and 

 show marked contrast as to pattern to the palmar region. No 

 complex patterns are present, nothing higher than arches being 

 visible. The palmar surface is exceedingly simple, and the 

 eminences are unimportant, the ridges being disposed either 

 longitudinally or obhquely, except in two small areas. The 

 foot differs from the hand in having a smaller digital and larger 

 plantar area. The apical pads resemble those of the hand, but 

 the arches are small, and there is one rudimentary whorl, wide 

 loops in two areas, the rest of the surface being, as in the case 

 of the hand, longitudinal and obhque. The Gibbon may be 

 said to have decidedly simple patterns, with the greater com- 

 plexity on the digits of the hand. 



Orang. — The Orang has a hand which approaches more 

 nearly to the shape of the human hand. The hand and foot 

 are very similar in pattern to one another as regards the distal 

 three-fourths of the surface, in the complexity of pattern as 

 to loops on the apical pads, highly developed arches, loops, 

 and whorls on the rest of the digits of hand and foot. 

 The rudimentary poUex is very simple in pattern, and thus 

 detracts from the general human appearance of this hand, 

 as also is the small abducted hallux placed far towards the 

 heel. The hand and foot resemble one another closely as to 

 the patterns, but the foot is less developed than the hand. 



Gorilla. — The Gorilla has a hand and foot of more powerful 

 appearance than any other anthropoid ape. The hand re- 

 sembles a clumsy human hand, and the foot is more powerful 

 than that of the Orang. The apical pads have well-marked 

 loops, a few arches and loops on the palm and sole, those of the 

 latter being less distinct. The markings of the hand and foot 

 of Gorilla are very similar to those of lower monkeys, except for 

 the human characters of marked loops on the pulps, open to 

 the ulnar and tibial sides respectively. 



Chitnpanzee. — The hand of the Chimpanzee is the most 

 human of all in general form, but less complex as to patterns 



