BIRD STUDY 37 
in Corson County. On a wooded island in the Missouri River 
in August, 1919, Black and White Warblers and Chickadees 
were seen a number of times feeding together ; and in September, 
1918, English Sparrows, Bronze Grackles and Robins were ob- 
served at Vermillion roosting at night in the same trees. Prairie 
Chickens gather in large flocks in winter and remain associated 
until the next breeding season. Crows are seen in winter in 
large flocks, and thousands of them often frequent the same 
“roost” at night. Ducks and Gulls often gather in exceedingly 
large flocks to migrate; and in the height of the migrating sea- 
son one will often count half a dozen different species of Warblers 
in as many minutes. They travel in large, loose companies of 
many species. In the spring many kinds of Sparrows migrate to- 
gether. Often the Juncos are associated with them; and the 
Olive-backed, Gray-cheeked, and Veery Thrushes are found in 
company. 
In South Dakota there are perhaps twenty-five species 
known as “residents,” and yet few of these spend the winter in 
the immediate vicinity of their summer homes. The Cardinal, 
Quail, Screech Owl, Chickadee, Gray Ruffed Grouse, Canada 
Jay, and perhaps Downy Woodpecker, would about complete the 
list. The Cardinal both nests and winters at Vermillion. The 
Quail seldom goes a mile from its nesting home. There is evi- 
dence that Screech Owls do not go far from the place where they 
were hatched. The same Chickadees that feed at your bird table 
in winter will build their nest in your yard in summer; and 
“Downy” may be seen in early autumn excavating his winter 
home. 
‘But most of our “residents” doubtless migrate a little way. 
Prairie Chickens raised in the northern part of the State, where 
there is still much prairie grass and wheat stubble, gather in 
flocks and drift to the cornfields of the southern part of the 
State to pass the winter. Clay County raises few Prairie 
Chickens, but feeds many large flocks when the ground is cov- 
ered with snow farther north. The Prairie Sharp-tailed Grouse 
nests in the western part of the State, but moves eastward more 
or less to spend the winter. 
Crows, Hawks, Hairy Woodpeckers, and most Owls that 
