Migration in War-time 
Carnot, pointed out in I916 that in places 
where fighting occurred the birds became 
greatly disturbed, screeching and flying about 
in all directions, unable to settle down any- 
where, day and night. Among the migratory 
birds, those which dwell south of the war 
zone carried out their flight to the warm lands 
in the customary direction, but began it 
somewhat earlier than under normal condi- 
tions. As regards migratory birds dwelling 
north of the war zone, they skirted the line 
of the front and, instead of flying through 
France, flew through Switzerland and Italy. 
For example, BLACKBIRDS, which from Ger- 
many and Scandinavia fly southward annually 
in huge flocks through Burgundy, did not 
appear there. Similarly, no LARKs were seen 
in October 1915. In Flanders and Holland 
there were neither marsh nor water birds 
(Limes, Literary Supplement, 29.vii.16). 
According to the observations of Russian 
naturalists during the first year of the War, 
JAcKDAWs and Rooks disappeared, LARKs 
no longer sang in the fields, and even SPAR- 
ROWS grew very scarce. The EAGLE, a con- 
L 145 
