10 A HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN BIRDS. 
colour, bluer on the head ; win®, wing-coverts and tail-feathers, 
dark brown, margined with blue on the outer webs; bill 
black ; irides brown; legs, feet and claws, black. Length, 
8°25 inches ; culmen 0°85; wing 4°75 ; tail 3°5 ; tarsus 1'I. 
Adult Male (Winter): Feathers of upper and under 
parts margined with pale brown, especially on the head. 
Adult Female: Much browner above, and less suffused 
with blue; beneath, pale whitish-brown, shaded with blue on 
breast and abdomen ; the feathers sub-terminally banded with 
dark brown. 
Young in first plumage: Very similar to adult fone 
Young Male (Winter): Above, bluish, shaded with 
brown on the fore parts, most of back and rump-feathers, 
obscurely edged with very pale brown; quill-feathers tipped 
with whitish; throat-feathers almost entirely buff; breast- 
feathers buff, with cindery-brown edgings. 
Distribution: Breeds in Southern Europe, extending east- 
wards to South-eastern Asia. Winters in Northern Africa, 
occurring as far south as Abyssinia. 
Habitat: Elevated rocky, barren regions. 
Subfamily SAXICOLINA. 
_ Genus SAXICOLA. 
WHEATEAR.» © 
Saxicola cenanthe (Lzzz.) 
Adult Male (Summer): Aédove, pearl-grey,; forehead, 
superciliary stripe, and rump white; wings blackish-brown, 
secondaries just tipped, and some narrowly margined with 
whitish ; tail-feathers white at base, central pair having the 
terminal half black, outer ones broadly tipped with black ; 
sides of face black ; beneath, white, shaded on throat, breast and 
flanks with buff; under wing-coverts black and white ; bill, legs, 
and feet, black; irides dark brown. Length 5°75 to 6:25 
inches ; culmen 05 ; wing 3°6 to 3'8; tail 2°45; tarsus 1. 
Adult Female (Summer): Very like the male, but has 
