[2 A HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN BIRDS. 
wing-coverts, innermost secoraries and tail-feathers broadly 
tipped with buff. 
Young in Autumn: Very like adult, but head and back 
are more buffy-brown, also marked with grey; tail-feathers 
narrowly tipped with whitish ; under parts, dirty white, clouded 
with brown on breast. 
Distribution : Summer visitant to Southern and South- 
eastern portions of Europe, Asia Minor, Palestine, and 
occasionally of Northern Africa, inhabiting in winter Western 
or Central Africa. 
Habitat: Dry plains, or margins of deserts. 
BLACK-THROATED CHAT. 
Saxicola stapazina Vrer//. 
Adult Male: Upfger parts and sides of neck white, washed 
with pale rufous on fore parts, and a tinge of grey on crown ; 
upper ¢hroat, sides of face, and wings d/ack ; secondaries 
tipped with white ; two thirds of central rectrices and terminal 
half of outer ones black; beneath white, tinged on breast 
with rufous ; bill, legs and feet black ; irides brown. Length 
575 inches ; culmen o°6 ; "wing 3°5 ; tail 2-5: "tarsus oie 
Adult Female: Head, nape and back dull rufous ; super- 
ciliary streak and eye-patch well marked ; wing feathers mostly 
tipped with white and broadly margined with rufous. 
Young in first plumage: Obscure pale centres and 
dark terminal bars to feathers of throat, breast, crown, and 
back. 
Young in Autumn: Fore parts above, and breast, suffused 
with buff; inner wing-feathers and coverts margined with buff ; 
primaries and tail-feathers tipped with buff, or whitish. 
Distribution: South of France, Spain, and North-west 
Africa, resident in the latter. 
' Habitat: Dry, stony, or desert regions, and sometimes 
among rocks near the sea ; occasionally among trees. 
EASTERN BLACK-THROATED CHAT. 
Saxicola melanoleuca (Gii/d.) 
; Adult Male: Adove white, marked on crown with grey, 
