18 A HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN BIRDS. 
secondaries with outer websSM@lmost entirely white ; white on 
forehead more extended ; under parts orange-red, shading into 
whitish on centre of abdomen ; otherwise resembles 2. phent- 
turus, Length 5 to 5°5 inches; wing 3; culmen 0°35 ; tail 
2°15; tarsus.o°8. 
Adult Female: Above greyer than in female of preceding ; 
forehead and sides of head dirty white; beneath greyer and 
more sooty; breast and flanks tinged with dull greyish-orange. 
Young: Unknown. 
Distribution: Probably resident in Greece, Asia Minor, 
and the Caucasus. 
Habitat: Rocky, wooded ravines. Plane woods. 
BLACK REDSTART OR BLACKSTART. 
Ruticilla titys (Scop.) 
Adult Male: Foreparts above slaty-grey ; wings dusky- 
brown, secondaries bordered broadly on outer webs with 
white; tail-coverts and tail rufous, the latter tipped with 
brown, central rectrices brown, externally bordered {with 
rufous ; narrow frontal band, sides of face, throat, sides of 
neck, breast and axzl/aries black; abdomen greyish-white ; 
vent rufous; bill, legs and feet blackish; irides brown. 
Length 5°75 to 6 inches; culmen 0°45: wing 3°4; tail 2°5; 
tarsus 0°'9Q. 
Adult Female: Sooty-brown, except tail-feathers, which 
are like those of male, and secondaries which are ex- 
ternally bordered with light brown, underparts also tinged 
with rufous. 
Nestling: Above sooty-grey washed with brown ; rump 
and upper tail-coverts orange-red, barred with brown; tail- 
feathers reddish-brown ; beneath sooty-grey, marked with 
brown, shading into buff on abdomen ; gullet yellow. 
Distribution : Summer visitant to Central Europe, occur- 
ring on the south coast of England in winter. Resident in 
some countries south of the Alps, but the majority migrate to 
Northern Africa in winter. 
Habitat: Amongst buildings, wild rocky ravines, marine 
rocks, &c. 
