TURDIDAE—WARBLERS. 25 
black ; back and scapulars s/ate-grey ; wings dusky, with pale 
edges to the feathers; tail slaty-black, with white tips to outer- 
most feathers, Zonger than wings ; beneath white, shading into 
grey on sides of body ; bill black, yellowish at base beneath ; 
legs and feet brown ; irides brown. Length about 5 inches ; 
culmen 0°35 ; wing 2°15 to 2°25; tail 2°35 ; tarsus 0°75. 
Adult Female: Above brown; head dark greyish-brown ; 
throat and centre of abdomen white ; breast and sides of body 
greyish-brown. 
Birds of the Year and nestlings: Very similar to 
adult females. 
Distribution: Partial resident on the northern shores of 
the Mediterranean ; winter visitant to Northern Africa. 
Habitat: Dry, bush-covered mountain ravines. 
ORPHEAN WARBLER. *X 
Sylvia orphea Zemm. 
Adult Male: Crown and sides of face sooty-black ; rest of 
upper parts slaty-brown ; quills and tail brown, with broad, 
ashy margins; outermost tail-feathers white on outer webs ; 
beneath white, shaded with greyish-brown on breast and sides 
of body ; bill dark brown, paler at base beneath ; legs, feet and 
claws s/aty ; irides sulphur-yellow. Length 6 inches; culmen 
0°55 ; wing 3 to 3°2; tail 2°6; tarsus 0°9. 
Adult Female: Generally duller, the black on the head 
less developed. 
Young in first plumage: Above much paler than in 
female. Head pale leaden-grey ; beneath paler and whiter. 
Distribution: Breeds throughout Central and Southern 
Europe and Northern Africa. Winters in Central Africa. 
Habitat: Groves and thickets, partial to conifere. 
RUPPELL’S WARBLER. 
Sylvia rueppelli Zemm. 
Adult Male: Most of head and throat black ; malar streak 
white ; back, from nape to upper tail-coverts, blue-grey ; wings 
