8 A HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN BIRDS. 
low ; legs, feet, and irides, daght brown. Length 10 to 1% 
inches ; culmen 0°85 ; wing 4°75 to 5°5 ; tail 4; tarsus 1°3. 
Adult Female: Above, uniform olive-brown ; beneath, 
brown, becoming paler towards chin, and shaded with grey on 
abdomen ; throat and chest spotted with dark brown; centres 
of feathers of abdomen and flanks dark brown; bill brown, 
or occasionally yellow in very old birds; legs, feet, and soles, 
dark brown. 
Young in first plumage: Above, blackish-brown, most 
of the feathers having a median streak of pale rufous, feathers 
of under parts, light rufous-brown, with darker terminal bands. 
Males are darker above than females. 
Young Male (Autumn): Similar to adult, but has 
a blackish bill. 
Young Female (Autumn): Resembles adult except for 
a slight vinous tinge on the breast. 
Distribution: Resident throughout most of Europe, the 
Azores, Northern Africa, and Palestine. A summer visitant 
only to regions immediately south of the Arctic Circle. 
Habitat: Cultivated country, gardens, groves, orchards, 
&c. 
RING OUZEL. A, 
Turdus torquatus zy. 
Adult Male (Summer): Adove and beneath, blackish- 
brown, with broad white gorget ; wings and coverts with paler 
margins, also feathers of abdomen and under tail-coverts ; 
axillaries greyish-brown; bill yellow; legs and feet brown. 
Length zo inches; culmeh 9°75; wing § to Sy enall qa: 
tarsus 1°25. 
Adult Female: Chocolate-brown instead of black; chin 
and throat-feathers margined with whitish; gorget suffused 
with brown ; bill brown. 
Adults (Winter): Differ only from summer plumage in 
having pale margins to most of the feathers and the white 
gorget (especially in the female) less pure. 
Young in first plumage: Barred more or less above and 
beneath with black and brown; wing-coverts tipped with 
ochreous. 
Young (Autumn): Under parts have broad whitish 
margins to the feathers. In males the gorget is shaded with 
