4 A HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN BIRDS. 
Distribution: Winters in Picien and Western Europe, 
and inhabits northern pine-regions of Europe and Asia during 
the breeding season. 
Habitat: Forests during the breeding season: cultivated 
country or commons in winter. 
RED-TAILED FIELDFARE. 
Turdus naumanni Zemm. 
Adult Male: Fore part above, greyish-brown, marked on 
crown with darker brown ; rump and tail-feathers light fox-red, 
the central feathers of the latter almost entirely dark brown, 
and all the other rectrices externally margined with the same ; 
under surface of tatl rufous; wings dark brown; primary 
feathers narrowly margined externally with pale, reddish-buff, 
with a broad patch of the same on inner web (basal half) ; 
secondaries and wing-coverts, broadly margined with pale 
rufous-buff ; superciliary stripe, sides of neck, chin, throat and 
breast, chestnut; indistinctly marked on either side of throat 
with small, black spots ; abdomen whitish ; flanks spotted or 
blotched with chestnut ; ax7laries fox-red ;. bill blackish, 
yellowish at base; legs, feet, and irides, light brown. Length 
9 inches ; culmen 0°8 ; wing 5°5 ; tarsus 1°25. 
Adult Female: Above, very similar to male, but more 
olivaceous in tint; beneath, whitish, tinged with rufous on 
throat and chest, which are spotted with blackish; flanks, 
strongly blotched with rufous. | 
Young: More olivaceous above, with no rufous, except at 
bases of outer rectrices ; eye-stripe only imperfectly developed ; 
beneath, white, spotted with blackish-brown on sides of throat ; 
flanks slightly marked with ‘pale rusty-red ; sometimes much 
spotted on breast, like Z? musicus. 
. Distribution: A strictly Eastern species, occurring occa-. 
sionally in Europe on migration. 
Habitat: Dense conifer woods. 
DUSKY THRUSH. 
Turdus fuscatus Pal/. 
Adult Male: Above, dark brown, blackish on crown and 
