2 A HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN BIRDS. 
Young on leaving nest esa and neck fluffy, with a 
dappled appearance ; centres of back-feathers golden-buff, with 
blackish edges and tips; most of wing-feathers more or less 
broadly margined with golden-buff; beneath buff, becoming 
whitish toward the chin, spotted thickly with brownish-black. 
Young in Autumn: Very similar to adult, but paler 
above, and margins of wing-feathers whitish ; beneath more 
generally suffused with buff. 
Distribution: Resident in temperate Europe, migrating 
from countries where winters are severe to South Europe and 
North Africa. 
Habitat: Woodlands and cultivated regions. 
SONG THRUSH. V 2. 
Turdus musicus Zz. 
Adult: Above dark olive-brown ; primaries and wing- 
coverts margined with golden-brown, some of latter tipped 
with buff; eyebrow buff; beneath buff, shading into white 
on abdomen; chest, sides of throat and body covered with 
dark brown spots or blotches ; axz//aries buff; bill dark brown, 
paler beneath ; irides, legs and feet brown. Length, 8 inches ; 
culmen; 076 ; Wing, 4°45 .tarsus, 1°15. 
Nestling : Similar, but showing on upper back feathers 
median streaks of buff, with blackish-brown tips; underparts 
paler and spots smaller. 
Distribution: Resident in temperate Europe, migrating 
from countries where winters are severe, to South Europe and 
North Africa. 
Habitat : Woods, hedgerows, gardens, and orchards. 
REDWING. 
Turdus iliacus Zznzx. 
Adult: Above olive brown, darker on the head; superctitary 
stripe broad, whttish ; wings darker than back, but with paler 
external margins; greater wing-coverts tipped with whitish ; 
beneath whitish ; sides of throat and chest streaked with deep 
