50 A HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN BIRDS. 
Young: Head duller, not glossy ; white parts tinged with 
yellow. 
Distribution: Resident in most parts of Europe, and in 
North-western Asia. Has occurred in Great Britain. 
Habitat : Forests, plantations and gardens. 
Note.—In Great Britain a race of Coal Tits occurs which have olive-brown 
backs, though in specimens from some localities this colour is less 
apparent than in others. This race has been named by Mr. Dresser, 
P. britannicus, whilst birds from Cyprus show more distinctly brown 
still, less white upon the nape, and more black upon the throat. 
This race has received the name of P. cyfriotes. In both these cases 
the influence of climate is apparent, and for the same reason as 
with Acredula rosea and A, irbi, they are not included as specifically 
distinct. 
MARSH TIT.X 
Parus palustris Lenz. 
Adult : Crowx and centre of nape dull black ; sides of head 
and nape whitish; dack greyish-brown ; wings and tail dark 
brown, former with pale margins; bases of chin and chest 
feathers black ; breast and abdomen whitish ; flanks washed 
with buff; bill black; legs and feet lead colour ; irides 
brown. Length 4°5 inches; culmen o°3 ; wing 25 ; tail 2:2; 
tarsus 0°55. 
Young: General coloration less bright. 
Distribution : Commonly resident throughout Central 
Europe, but is scarcer in Southern Europe. 
Habitat : Woods, hedgerows and swampy places. 
Note.—The Marsh Tit varies considerably according to climate in the tint 
of its back and the extent of black on the nape. In Russia, Scandi: 
navia, the Alps and Carpathians, a large race occurs in which the 
black extends low down upon the back, which is very grey (Parus 
borealis—De Selys). In North-east Russia a still larger and paler 
form occurs with a longer tail (P. daicalensis—Swinh),. British-killed 
examples are somewhat browner on back and flanks than the type, 
SOMBRE TIT. 
Parus lugubris 7Zemm. 
Adult Male: Entire crown, upper part of nape, ¢hvoat and 
