TROGLODYTIDZ—WRENS. 57 
pale s/aty-grey, much darker on rump; lesser coverts and parts 
of greater coverts and éasal half of quills crimson; quills 
otherwise dark brown with conspicuous white spots on longest 
primaries, and whitish tips; tail black, tipped with grey, outer 
feathers tipped with white ; chin, throat and chest black, rest 
of under parts dark grey ; bill (long and decurved) black ; legs 
and feet black; (irides black—Bailly). Length 6°5 inches ; 
culmen 1°4; wing 3°9; tail 2°2 ; tarsus 0°85. 
Adult Female (Summer): Similar, but black on throat 
not so much developed. 
Adult (Winter): Black on chin and throat replaced by 
greyish-white ; crown dirty grey ; back much paler. 
Young in first plumage: Similar to adults in winter, but 
have the beak shorter and straighter, the red in the wings less 
conspicuous. 
Distribution: Resident in the mountainous districts of 
Southern Europe. Fairly abundant in some parts of the 
Pyrenees and Sierra Nevada. Has been known to occur in 
England. 
Habitat: High mountain cliffs, descending in winter onto 
the walls and cliffs of the valleys. 
Family TROGLODYTIDZ. 
Genus TROGLODYTES. 
COMMON WREN. “ 
Troglodytes parvulus ‘och. 
Adult: Upper parts reddish-brown, barred with dark 
brown : superciliary stripe whitish ; wings and tail rufous-brown, 
more barred; greater wing-coverts spotted with whitish ; 
beneath greyish-brown, whiter on throat and more rufous on 
flanks which are transversely barred ; bill brown; legs, feet and 
claws light brown ; irides brown. Length 39 inches ; culmen 0°4 ; 
wing IQ; tail 1°3 ; tarsus o°6. 
Nestling : Above like adult ; bill pale and short ; under 
parts much more mottled, and flanks browner. 
Distribution : Common and resident in temperate Europe, 
