58 A HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN BIRDS. 
including the British Isles ; foypd also in Northern Africa and 
Western Asia. 
Habitat: Woods, copses, gardens and _ undergrowth 
generally. 
NORTHERN WREN. 
Troglodytes borealis isch. 
Adult: Similar to Z: parvulus, but larger and darker 
above ; more barred beneath ; wings longer and feet much 
larger and stronger. Length 4°1 inches ; culmen 0°5 ; wing 2 ; 
tail, 145.; tarswsu1"S. 
Distribution: Resident in Iceland and the Farées. 
Habitat: Generally near habitations, among rocks and 
outbuildings. 
Family MOTACILLIDA. 
Genus MOTACILLA. 
WHITE WAGTAIL& 
Motacilla alba Zznn. 
Adult Male (Summer): Fore part and sides of head 
and sides of neck white; Azzder crown and nape deep black ; 
back clear ash-grey, darker on rump; wings dusky, margined 
with whitish ; central tail-feathers black; outer feathers white, 
inwardly edged with black ; chin, throat and chest black ; rest 
of under parts white, shaded with grey on flanks ; bill, legs and 
feet black ; irides dark brown. Length 7°3 inches ; culmen o'5 ; 
wing 3°3; tail 3°6; tarsus 0°85. 
Adult Female (Summer): White on sides of head not 
so clear; black on nape and throat not so extended, the latter 
mottled with white. 
Adult (after Autumn moult): Black on head slightly 
intermixed with greyish; throat white, mottled with black on 
sides ; sides of body much shaded with grey. 
Young in first plumage: Upper and under parts dull 
