62 A HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN BIRDS. 
Adult Female (Summer): Paler both above and 
beneath ; otherwise similar togte male. 
Young are characterized by the absence of any white eye- 
stripe, which is very noticeable in the young of JZ. flava. 
Distribution: Breeds in Northern Europe and Asia. 
Has been reported from England. 
Habitat : Similar to that of JZ. flava. 
BLACK-HEADED WAGTAIL. 
Motacilla melanocephala Licht. 
Adult Male (Summer): Cvowz, nape, lores and sides of 
head jet-black; chin and rest of under parts uniform bright 
yellow ; otherwise as in JZ. flava. Length 6°7 inches ; culmen 
0°53 wing 3°25; tail 3; tarsus 0'95. 
Adult Female: Head not so black as in male; back 
greener ; chin yellowish-white ; paler yellow beneath. 
Young: Very similar to young of JZ, flava; but the crown 
always shows as dark or darker than the sides of the head ; 
sides of chest slightly marked with blackish. 
Distribution : South-eastern Europe and Central Asia, 
wintering in Africa. 
Habitat: Marshy land, or low ground near the sea. 
YELLOW WAGTAIL. v 
Motacilla raii Lf. 
Adult Male (Summer): Adove green, yellower on crown ; 
superciliary stripe yellow ; quills dark brown ; wing-coverts and 
innermost secondaries broadly edged with yellowish-white ; 
central rectrices dark brown, outermost ones chiefly white ; 
beneath rich yellow ; bill, legs and feet black ; irides dark brown. 
Length 6°5 inches ; culmen 0°5 ; wing 3°25 ; tail 3; tarsus o'9. 
Adult Female (Summer): Similar but less brilliant 
throughout ; back browner. 
Adult (Winter): Much paler throughout than in summer 
dress. 
Young after first moult: Similar to adult, but a shade 
