MOTACILLIDA—PIPITS. 63 
darker and more uniform above, with a crescentic band of dark 
brown spots across the chest. 
Distribution: Breeds in Central and Western Europe ; 
scarce in Ireland. Winters in Africa. 
Habitat : Open country, ploughed fields, or damp pastures. 
Genus ANTHUS. 
TREE PIPIT. / 
Anthus trivialis (Zznz.) 
Adult (Summer): Feathers above, including wings and 
most of tail-feathers, dark brown with paler edges ; outermost 
tail-feathers about half white ; beneath pale buff, shading into 
white on abdomen and into whitish-buff on throat; sides of 
throat, chest and flanks spotted with dark brown; bill and 
irides dark brown, legs and feet lighter brown. Length 5°75 
to 6 inches ; culmen 0°45 ; wing 3°4; tail 2°6; tarsus 0°8; Aiud 
claw much curved, O°4. 
Adult (Winter): Similar, but greener above and yellower 
on the throat. 
Young: Easily distinguishable from young of A. pratensis 
by the short, curved hind claw; in general appearance very 
similar to adults in winter. 
Distribution : A summer visitant to Central and Northern 
Europe and Asia, wintering in Africa, Persia, and India. 
Habitat: Woods, fields, and cultivated regions generally. 
MEADOW PIPIT. / 
Anthus pratensis (Zzzz.) 
Adult (Summer): Feathers adove dark brown, edged 
with pale brown and ¢“nged with olivaceous ; wings, tail, and 
under parts very similar to dA. ¢vivialis, but the spots on 
breast are, if anything, more shaded ; bill blackish, yellowish at 
base beneath; legs and feet light brown; irides dark brown. 
Length 5°75 to 6 inches ; culmen 0°45 ; wing 3 to 3°5; tail 2°3; 
tarsus 0°8 ; ind claw very straight, 0:55. 
