70 A HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN BIRDS. 
of head from base of bill to ear-coverts d/ack ; rest of upper 
surface grey, paler on rump; vgs brownish-black showing a 
conspicuous white spot, and two or three of primaries tipped with 
white ; frst primary very small; tail much as in the other grey 
shrikes ; beneath white, the dveas¢ and flanks suffused with rose 
colour ; bill, legs and feet black ; irides brown. Length about 
8°5 inches ; culmen 0°65 ; wing 4°75; tail 3°8; tarsus I. 
Adult Female ; Similar, but showing less black on fore- 
head and plumage generally mixed with brown ; colours above 
less pure. 
Young: Vermiculated with brown and white above ; wings 
and tail browner and black frontal band wanting; lores and 
ear-coverts brown. 
Distribution: A summer visitant to and breeding in Cen- 
traland Southern Europe, wintering in Southern Africa. Occa- 
sionally straggles as far north as Great Britain. 
Habitat: Dense bushes in plantations and gardens. 
RE JD-BAC KE D. SHR LK. 
Lanius collurio Zinn. 
Adult Male: ead, nape, and upper back, and upper 
tail-coverts evey ; centre of dack and scapulars chestnut ; lores 
and ear-coverts black ; wings brownish-black, margined with 
chestnut, the secondaries and tertiaries broadly so, with paler 
tips ; proximal half of tail-feathers white, except central ones, 
which are black ; outer feathers tipped with white; chin and 
throat nearly white ; rest of under parts washed with delicate 
red; bill, legs and feet black; irides brown. Length 7°5 
inches; culmeno's5 ;' zug 3°05'5 tail 9°25 tarsus jo": 
Very Old Females: Sometimes assume a dress hardly 
distinguishable from that of the adult male. Such cases are. 
however rare. 
Adult Female: Above reddish-brown, greyish on neck ; 
secondaries whitish margined ; superciliary streak pale; tail 
washed on central feathers with red ; beneath white; sides of 
throat, chest and flanks vermiculated with brown. 
Young in first plumage: Each feather above. sub-ter- 
minally barred with dark brown ; head decidedly greyer than 
