HIRUNDINIDA—MARTINS. ae 
black ; entire uxder parts and feathers of feet white ; bill black ; 
irides dark brown. Length 5°5 inches; culmen 0°25; wing 
4°45 ; tail 2°6; tarsus o'5. 
Young: Blacker above; most of wing-quills more or less 
edged at the tips with white ; tail shorter ; throat washed with 
dusky. 
Distribution: Breeds throughout most of Europe and 
Northern Africa ; winters south of Abyssinia. 
Habitat: Buildings, cliffs, &c. 
Genus COTILE. 
SAND MARTIN. \“ 
Cotile riparia (Zzzz). 
Adult: Adove glossy mouse-brown ; quills and tail-feathers 
darker brown ; beneath white, dazded across chest with brown ; 
sides of head and flanks also brown ; bill black ; legs and feet 
dark brown; irides hazel-brown. Length 5 inches ; culmen 
0°2; wing 4°25; tail 2°25; tarsus o'5. 
Young: Many of feathers of upper parts edged with pale 
buff ; throat also washed with pale buff. 
Distribution : Summer visitant throughout the Palearctic 
and Nearctic regions; winters in India, Africa, and South 
America. 
Habitat: Sandy banks near water ; railway cuttings, &c. 
CRAG MARTIN. 
Cotile rupestris (Scop). 
Adult: Above considerably lighter brown than in C. 
riparia ; quills margined on outer webs with very pale brown ; 
outer rectrices showing a large white blotch about the middle of 
the inner web; outermost and central ones unspotted ; chin 
and throat whitish, former mottled with brown; breast and 
abdomen pale brown with a tinge of rufous ; bill nearly black ; 
legs and feet brown ; irides dark brown. Length 5°5 to 5°75 
inches ; culmen 0°35 ; wimg 5°2, tail 2°25 ; tarsus 0°45. 
