86 A HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN BIRDS. 
Adult Female (Summer): Similar, but not so purely 
coloured either on head or undé#arts, and with less black on 
throat. 
Adult Male (Winter): Similar to the adult female 
described, but black on throat almost obscured by white 
margins ; bill chiefly yellow. 
Young in first plumage: Very similar to adult female, 
but browner on crown ; tarsi brown. 
Distribution : Resident in the higher mountain districts of 
Southern Europe, the Caucasus, and Lebanon. 
Habitat: Stony mountain tops and passes, descending to 
the plains in winter. 
Genus FRINGILLA. 
CHAFFINCH. v 
Fringilla coelebs Lenz. 
Adult Male: Cvownz and nape dark s/aty-grey ; back 
chestnut; rump sap-green ; scapulars grey, with brownish tips ; 
quills dusky, narrowly margined with white; greater coverts 
blackish, broadly tipped with white, lesser coverts pure white ; 
central tail-feathers grey, rest dark brown, the two outermost 
on either side white on inner margins ; forehead black : sides of 
neck grey; cheeks, ¢hroat and breast reddish-brown, shading 
into whitish on abdomen ; bill lead colour, darker at tip; legs 
and feet brown ; irides brown. Length 5°75 inches ; culmen 0°45; 
wine 2.25 : tail 2:0 > tarsus OS. 
Adult Female: Crown and back olive-brown, shaded 
(especially on sides of crown) with darker brown ; wings duller, 
with yellowish margins, greater coverts narrowly tipped with 
white ; cheeks, throat and breast dull greyish-brown. 
Young in first plumage: Very similar to adult female, - 
but duller. 
Young Male (Winter): Similar to adult, but black on 
forehead imperfectly developed, and grey of crown showing 
only under the brown feathers here and there. 
Distribution: Resident and common throughout most of 
Europe. Occurs rarely in North-western Africa. 
Habitat: Cultivated districts, gardens and woods. 
