92 A HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN BIRDS. 
Genius P¥YRRHULA. 
BULLWINCH. V 
Pyrrhula europza Ver//. 
Adult Male: Crown, nape, region round base of bill, 
wings (except primaries which are dusky) and tail 4/ack, glossed 
with steel-blue ; dack dark cinereous-gvey ; rump and tail-coverts 
white ; wings crossed by broad band of ashy-grey ; outer web 
of innermost secondary bright brick-red at tip; vent white ; 
rest of uxder parts brick-red ; bill black; legs and irides dark 
brown: '\Jaength ‘6 iiches ; culmeén: 03; weue79-2% tall ioe 
tarsus 0°65. 
Adult Female: Grey of back replaced by ashy-brown ; 
innermost secondary only tinged with red; beneath warm 
brown. 
Young in first plumage: Similar to adult female but 
show no black on the head; chin lighter than rest of under 
parts, which are tinged with ochreous ; lower mandible yellowish 
at base. 
Distribution: Inhabits Europe west of Central Russia and 
south of Scandinavia. Occurs casually in southernmost coun- 
tries of Europe. 
Habitat : Woodlands, gardens and orchards. 
NORTHERN BULLFINCH. 
Pyrrhula major C. ZL. Brehm. 
Adult Male: Similar to adult male of P europea, but 
is larger and the colours, in some specimens, are more intense. 
Length 6°25 inches; culmen 0.35; wing 37°61037°8; tail 3; 
Latsus O°7. 
Adult Female: Similar to adult female of P. europea, 
but larger and distinctly greyer. 
Distribution: Breeds in Scandinavia and North-eastern 
Europe generally, occurring as a winter visitant in South- 
eastern Europe. Found also in Central Asia. 
Habitat: Similar to P. europea. 
