96 A HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN BIRDS. 
\ 
COMMON BUNTING. Vv 
Cs Emberiza mfiaria Zinn. 
Adult (Summer): Adove hair-bvozx, with shaft-stripes of 
darker brown, which are less apparent on rump; wings and 
tail dark brown, with pale margins ; wing-coverts and innermost 
secondaries broadly edged with pale brown ; region round eye 
and cheeks buffish, marked with dark brown ; under parts greyish- 
white ; sides of ¢Arvoat and chest with dark brown arrow-shaped 
marks ; flanks streaked with brown ,; bill dark brown on ridge 
of culmen, lower mandible pale yellow; legs and _ irides 
brown. Length 7 inches ; culmen 0°49; wing 3°75; tail 2°8; 
tarsus O'9Q. 
Adult (Winter) : Darker and richer above and more suf- 
fused with buff beneath. 
Immature birds: Are similar to adults in winter, but are 
still more suffused with rich buff and more heavi'y spotted be- 
neath. 
Distribution: Resident throughout Europe, except in the 
extreme north. Ranges eastward through Central Asia. 
Habitat: Open cultivated localities. 
; YELLOW BUNTING OR YELLOW HAMMER. 
Emberiza citrinella Zznz. 
Adult Male (Summer) : ead and nape yellow, streaked 
here and there with brown ; back fulvous-brown ; scapulars, 
and rump chestnut, the two former longitudinally marked with 
dark brown; wings dark brown, primaries narrowly margined 
on outer webs with yellow, secondaries and wing-coverts with 
chestnut ; tail dark brown, central rectrices margined with 
chestnut and two outermost pairs having large patch of white 
on inner webs ; dexeath yellow, shaded with dull olive on chest, 
and flanked with chestnut; bill horn-colour, browner above ; 
legs and feet light brown; irides dark brown. Length 6°5 
inches ; culmen 04 ;. wing 3°4; tail 3; tarsus 0°7 ; 
Adult Female (Summer): Duller than the male, the 
yellow paler, and little or none upon the head, otherwise very 
similar. 
