120 A HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN BIRDS. 
Genus PIca. 
MA@PIE. \“ 
Pica rustica (Scop). 
Adult and Young: Fore parts including dack deep dlach, 
glossed with greenish; rump greyish; tail-coverts black ; 
scapulars pure white ; primaries black, glossed with green, and 
having a large patch of white on inner webs; secondaries 
brilliantly glossed with violet ; zaz7 long and graduated, black 
beneath ; richly glossed with greenish-bronze above, except 
towards tip, where it is purple shading into black at the actual 
tip ; chin, throat and chest black, some of the throat-feathers 
showing greyish shafts ; lower breast and abdomen white ; vent 
black ; bill, legs and feet black ; irides brown. Length 16 to 
16°5, inches; culmen 1°25"; wing 7; tail 11 ; tarsus F:35. 
Distribution: Generally distributed throughout most of 
the Western Palearctic region. 
Habitat : Woodland or cultivated districts where tall trees 
abound. 
Genus CORVUS. 
JACKDAW. vA 
Corvus monedula ZLznz. 
Adult: Crown, lores and chin glossy black ,; hinder crown, 
neck and sides of head sz/very-grey ; rest of upper parts glossy 
black, tinged with grey on back and rump ; wings and tail pur- 
ple glossed ; under parts black, tinged with grey; bill, legs 
and feet black ; iris nearly white. Length 12°5 to 14 inches; 
culmen 1'2 ; wing 9; tail 5°5 ; tarsus 1°6. 
Immature Birds: Resemble adults, but are much duller 
and blacker both above and beneath, especially on neck. 
Distribution: Generally distributed over Northern and 
Central Europe ; less so in Southern Europe’; also occurs in 
Northern Africa. 
Habitat: Tall buildings, old ruins, precipitous cliffs. Gre- 
garious. 
